although there are studies on pragmatic assessment, to date, literature has been almost silent about native and non-native english raters’ criteria for the assessment of efl learners’ pragmatic performance. focusing on this topic, this study pursued four purposes. the first one was to find criteria for rating the speech acts of apology and refusal in l2 by native and non-native english teachers...

تعریف مساله،اهداف و سوالات تحقیق: در زبان محاوره ایی، شکل یک شی را با اشیایی که از قبل در ذهن دارند می شناسند. به عنوان مثال اکثر مردم نقشه ایتالیا را شبیه چکمه و نقشه ایران را شکلی شبیه به گربه می دانند. در واقع تعریف شکل به این گونه، مفهومی کیفی را دنبال می کند. اما اگر یک محقق آماری علاقه مند به ارزیابی کمی اشکال براساس ساختار هندسی آنها باشد نیازمند تعریفی مناسبتر می باشد که به نوعی مفاهیم...

implicit and unobserved errors and vulnerabilities issues usually arise in cryptographic protocols and especially in authentication protocols. this may enable an attacker to make serious damages to the desired system, such as having the access to or changing secret documents, interfering in bank transactions, having access to users’ accounts, or may be having the control all over the syste...

one of the most important number sequences in mathematics is fibonacci sequence. fibonacci sequence except for mathematics is applied to other branches of science such as physics and arts. in fact, between anesthetics and this sequence there exists a wonderful relation. fibonacci sequence has an importance characteristic which is the golden number. in this thesis, the golden number is observed ...

abstract recent studies suggest that prelistening activities play an important role in the development of listening comprehension (e.g. long 1990;chiang and dunkel 1992; schmidt-rinehart 1994; jensen and hansen 1995; robinson et al., 1995; buck, 1995; foster and skehan,1996; teng 1996; robinson, 2001; chang and read 2006). in line with previous studies and to shed light on a new aspect of sche...

abstract the variables affecting the nature of reading comprehension can be classified into two general categories: reader’s variables, and text variables (alderson, 2000). despite the wave of research on vocabulary knowledge as reader’s variable, the role of this knowledge in c-test as a text-dependent test and its interaction with lexical cohesion of the test as a text feature has remained a...

abstract the primary purpose of this study was to explore the actual practices and cognitions of two groups of iranian eap teachers, i.e. language teachers and content teachers, with respect to teaching reading-comprehension and vocabulary. to this end, tehran university of medical sciences which authorizes both groups of teachers to teach eap courses was selected as the context of the study s...