This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding biochar diet and litter on growth performance, gas concentration, hock burning dermatitis in foot pads broilers. In experiment, 300 One day old chicks were randomly distributed 5 treatments 3 replicates each treatment , with (20) birds .T1: as control treatment. T2: (2) kg / 100 feed). T3: (4 l T4: (2 litter). T5: litter) . The r...

Objective(s): Attempts to produce vaccines for leishmaniasis need adjuvants to trigger the kind of immune reaction required for protection. In this study, we examined the properties of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod, a vaccine adjuvant, making use of a live model of infection where the immune reactions could be identified prior to and following the challenge of infection. Materials and Method...

Apocrine glands are the major type of sweat gland in dogs, and distribution of eccrine sweat glands is limited to footpad (Goldschmidt and Shofer, 1992). Apocrine sweat gland tumors are rather common in dogs and tend to occur on the head, neck and limbs. The Golden Retriever is a breed that shows a predisposition to such tumors (Kalaher et al., 1990). The tumor was greatly resembles its human c...

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 induces a long-standing latent infection in the central nervous system of mice and rabbits. The infection was extablished in the brain stems of rabbits after corneal inoculation of the virus, and in the spinal cords of mice after rear footpad infection. In these animals, infectious virus could not be recovered by direct isolation from tissues; it was detected o...

C57BL/6J mice rendered hypersensitive to Blastomyces dermatitidis were protected from the lethal effects of a blastomyces infection. This protection was observed following a lethal intraperitoneal challenge with viable cells 15 days after subcutaneous inoculation with 3.9 x 10(4) viable cells. Delayed hypersensitivity was induced in C57 mice by two injections of Merthiolate-killed cells in adju...

Successful recall Ab responses require recruitment of quiescent memory B cells to secondary lymphoid organs. However, the cellular dynamics of memory cells responding to local antigenic challenge at lymphoid sites distal from the initial Ag encounter are not well understood. We show in this study that memory B cells generated following s.c. immunization in one footpad generate secondary respons...

Leishmania antigens are weak immunogens and need to be potentiated by various adjuvants and delivery systems. Alginate microspheres as antigen delivery system and Quillaja saponins (QS) as immunoadjuvant have been used to enhance the immune response against Autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM). Microspheres were prepared by an emulsification technique and characterized for size, encapsulation effi...

Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. Routes of infection have been reported to be an important variable for some species of Leishmania parasites. The role of this variable is not clear for L. tropica infection. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of route of L. tropica infection on the disease outcome and immunologic parameters in BALB/c mic...

Granulomatous inflammations in schistosomiasis mansoni are the result of T-cell-mediated reactions to soluble egg antigens (SEA) secreted by parasite ova. To study TDH effector cell function, a granuloma T-cell line was established from collagenase-digested liver granulomas of acutely infected CBA/J mice. Dispersed nonadherent granuloma cells were cultured with feeder layer cells and SEA or wit...

BACKGROUND Lutein is an important eye-protective nutrient. This study investigates the protective effects and mechanisms of lutein on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced uveitis in mice. METHODS Lutein, suspended in drinking water at a final concentration of 12.5 and 25 mg/mL, was administered to mice at 0.1 mL/10 g body weight for five consecutive days. Control and model group received drinkin...