This study was conducted to determine the effects of acute swim stress on the pain behavior response and c-Fos expression in the rat spinal cord. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250-300g were divided into four groups consisting of rats subjected to acute swim stress (S), formalin injection (F), acute swim stress with formalin injection (S+F) and control rat (C) (n=6 per groups). Rats were acu...

Pseudomonas fluorescens F113 is motile by means of type b flagella. Analysis of the region encoding the synthesis of the flagellar filament has shown a transcriptional organization different from that of type a flagella. Additionally to the promoters driving fliC, fliD, and fleQ expression, we have found promoters upstream of the flaG gene and the fliST operon. These promoters were functional i...

What the job market demanded in last few decades is overwhelming. Universities are working hard to meet quality required by markets and it took a lot of effort, physically mentally. Recently, Minister Education Culture Republic Indonesia releases policy that opens up door unlimited resources learning. Students will be facilitated choose their learning sources from outside classroom, with real p...

The large antigenic diversity (over 2,300 serotypes) expressed by SalmoneUla strains can probably be observed at the genetic level. The phase 1 flagellin gene fliC was amplified, and the amplified fragment was cleaved with a mixture of both endonucleases TaqI and ScaI. The restriction patterns observed allowed differentiation of flagellar types b, i, d, j, l,v, and z1o. Flagellar group g (g,m, ...

Although Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can undergo phase variation to alternately express two different types of flagellin subunit proteins, FljB or FliC, no biological function for this phenomenon has been described. In this investigation, we constructed phase-locked derivatives of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium that expressed only FljB (termed locked-ON) or FliC (termed locked-OFF)...

Xenorhabdus strains from entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from United Kingdom soils by using the insect bait entrapment method were characterized by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, four housekeeping genes (asd, ompR, recA, and serC) and the flagellin gene (fliC). Most strains (191/197) were found to have genes with greatest similarity to those of Xenorhabdus bovienii, and the remain...