The risk di$erence is frequently used as a measure of the actual gain in the success rate between two treatments within a center (i.e. hospital). Interest is devoted to combining the risk di$erence across several centers under homogeneity but allowing for baseline-risk heterogeneity in each of the treatment arms. The purpose is to compare the e5ciency of six estimators for the common risk di$er...

Results: Th e average nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter (NP), minimal nuclear diameter (D-min), and maximal nuclear diameter (D-max) were 46.00 ± 11.31, 28.18 ± 2.43, 6.18 ± 0.88, and 10.00 ± 0.94, respectively, in the control group, and 53.61 ± 7.29, 29.52 ± 2.02, 6.87 ± 0.63 and 10.52 ± 0.67 in the study group, respectively. While there was a statistically signifi cant diff erence in NA, D...

For binary matched-pairs data, this article discusses interval estimation of the di erence of probabilities 7 and an odds ratio for comparing ‘success’ probabilities. We present simple improvements of the commonly used Wald con dence intervals for these parameters. The improvement of the interval for the 9 di erence of probabilities is to add two observations to each sample before applying it. ...

This paper considers the ®xed-structure, discrete-time mixed H2=H1 controller synthesis problem in the delta operator (di€ erence operator) framework. The di€ erential operator and shift operator versions of the problem are reviewed for comparison, and necessary conditions are derived for all three formulations. A quasi-Newton/continuation algorithm is then used to obtain approximate solutions ...

There are two distinct approaches to solving reinforcement learning problems, namely, searching in value function space and searching in policy space. Temporal di erence methods and evolutionary algorithms are well-known examples of these approaches. Kaelbling, Littman and Moore recently provided an informative survey of temporal di erence methods. This article focuses on the application of evo...

Using a simple nal-state rescattering model coupled with a simple Coulomb model, the e ects of the central Coulomb potential on pion interferometry measurements in 158 GeV/nucleon Pb+Pb collisions are explored. Although the central Coulomb potential does not introduce correlations between pions, it does prevent an accurate measurement of the momentum di erence. This momentum di erence smearing ...

Many decision models in marketing science and psychology assume that a consumer chooses by proceeding sequentially through a checklist of desirable properties. These models are contrasted to the utility maximization model of rationality in economics. We show on the contrary that the two approaches are nearly equivalent. Moreover, the length of the shortest checklist as a proportion of the numbe...

This is the rst systematic experimental study of the comparative performance of two incentive compatible mechanisms for public goods provision: the Basic Quadratic mechanism by Groves and Ledyard and the Paired-Di erence mechanism by Walker. Our experiments demonstrate that the performance of the Basic Quadratic mechanism under a high punishment parameter is far better than the same mechanism u...

Taking line tting to points in two dimensions as a typical example, we point out the inherent di erence between statistical inference and geometric tting. We describe their duality in the sense that the asymptotic properties of statistical inference in the limit of an in nite number of observations hold for geometric tting in the limit of in nitesimal perturbations. We contrast stochastic model...

We establish the connections between finite projective planes admitting a collineation group of Lenz–Barlotti type I.3 or I.4, partially transitive planes of type (3) in the sense of Hughes, and planes admitting a quasiregular collineation group of type (g) in the Dembowski– Piper classification; our main tool is an equivalent description by a certain type of di¤erence set relative to disjoint ...