the glorious prophetic parables, as part of the islamic parables, contain the expressions so impressive and delightful that indicate the splendid eloquence of the blessed prophet. these parables _ which have strong context, novel concept, and firm style, and originated from a dynamic and profound thought and have many advantages _ indicate that the blessed prophet spoke in perfect eloquence and...

Recent evidence suggests that lexical-semantic activation spread during language production can be dynamically shaped by contextual factors. In this study we investigated whether semantic processing modes can also affect lexical-semantic activation during word production. Specifically, we tested whether the processing of linguistic ambiguities, presented in the form of puns, has an influence on...

• Pragmatic competition must be sensitive to the grammatical well-formedness of alternatives: alternatives must be grammatical in order to compete. • In cases where meanings are not associated with particular morphemes but with complex constructions, deriving certain implicatures must involve comparison between syntactically complex expressions. • For such cases, comparing themeanings of isolat...

Research in the origins and evolution of language has now reached a level where languages with grammatical structures are emerging in computer simulations and robotic experiments based on situated embodied language games played by populations of agents. This paper focuses on some of the technical AI issues related to this research. Specifically, we report on a system for planning complex meanin...

Children with Down syndrome often display speech-comprehensibility and grammatical deficits beyond what would be predicted based upon general mental age. Historically, speech-comprehensibility has often been treated using traditional articulation therapy and oral-motor training so there may be little or no coordination of grammatical and speech-comprehensibility treatment. The purpose of this p...

 Second language  learners often develop grammatical competence in the absence of concomitant pragmatic competence (Kasper & Roever, 2005) and the exact nature of the relationship between the two competences is still indistinct and in need of inquiries ( Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; Khatib & Ahmadisafa, 2011). This study is a partial attempt to address the lacuna and aims to see if any relationship ca...

Grammatical Inference deals with the problem of learning structural models, such as grammars, from different sort of data patterns, such as artificial languages, natural languages, biosequences, speech and so on. This article describes a new grammatical inference tool, Grammar-based Classifier System (GCS) dedicated to learn grammar from data. GCS is a new model of Learning Classifier Systems i...

We present a novel synthesis algorithm for procedurally generating complex curves. Our approach takes a simple example input curve specified by a user and automatically generates complex curves that resemble the input. The algorithm preserves many of the input shape features such as tangent directions, curvature, branch nodes, and closed loops. The overall approach is simple and can be used to ...

This paper introduces the notion of frequent frames, distributional patterns based on co-occurrence patterns of words in sentences, then investigates the usefulness of this information in grammatical categorization. A frame is defined as two jointly occurring words with one word intervening. Qualitative and quantitative results from distributional analyses of six different corpora of child dire...

This study investigates semantic and syntactic features of two directive speech act verbs: “ask” “request”. The research questions guiding the were: (1) What are similar different verbs ask request? (2) In order to examine these verbs, both quantitative qualitative methods were implemented. Data derived from main sources: dictionaries corpus. These three traditional Oxford Advanced Learner’s Di...