BACKGROUND Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is an important economic plant that is rich in valuable essential oil. The essential oil is often used as a raw material for perfumes, food additives, insecticides and bacteriostats. Most of the essential oil is contained in the fruit, and the quantity and quality of fruit are dependent on the flowers. To explore the molecular mechanism of floral bud diffe...

The selective maintenance of gynodioecy depends on the relative fitness of the male-sterile (female) and hermaphroditic morphs. Females may compensate for their loss of male fitness by reallocating resources from male function (pollen production and pollinator attraction) to female function (seeds and fruits), thus increasing seed production. Females may also benefit from their inability to sel...

BACKGROUND Magnolia grandiflora L. flower is wildly used in Asian as a traditional herbal medication. The purpose of the study was to investigate the antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties of Magnolia grandiflora L. flower extract. In the study, the inhibitory effects of M. grandiflora L. flower extract on mushroom tyrosinase, B16F10 intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content wer...

Flower classification is a useful way for grouping a flower in certain class using specific features. This research propose a new method of flower classification system using combination of color and texture features. The first phase is getting the crown of the flower, which is localized from a flower image by using pillbox filtering and OTSU’s thresholding. In the next phase, color and texture...

Sexual systems are highly variable in flowering plants and an important contributor to floral diversity. The ranunculid genus Thalictrum is especially well-suited to study evolutionary transitions in sexual systems. Homeotic transformation of sexual organs (stamens and carpels) is a plausible mechanism for the transition from hermaphroditic to unisexual flowers in this lineage because flowers o...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nymphaea thermarum is a member of the Nymphaeales, of one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants. This species was only recently described and then declared extinct in the wild, so little is known about its reproductive biology. In general, the complete ontogeny of ovules and seeds is not well documented among species of Nymphaea and has never been studied in the s...

Flowering synchrony is essential for plant reproductive success, especially in the case of small-sized populations of self-incompatible species. Closely related to synchrony, flowering intensity influences pollinator attraction and pollinator movements. Thus, a high flowering intensity may increase pollinator attraction but, at the same time, may also increase the probability of geitonogamous p...

Flower development and senescence was studied in Narcissus tazetta ‘Kashmir Local’. Flower development was divided into six stages (I-VI), from the tight bud stage to the senescent stage. Flower fresh and dry weight increased as the flowers progressed from bud to bloom and then declined during senescence. Membrane permeability of tepal tissues increased as the flower progressed through various ...

Newer, selective insecticides with few negative impacts on natural enemies and competitor species are needed for effective, sustainable management of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts on natural enemies and competitor thrips species of insecticides used for control of western flower thrips in fruiting vegetabl...

Rafflesia is a biologically enigmatic species that is very rare in occurrence and possesses an extraordinary morphology. This parasitic plant produces a gigantic flower up to one metre in diameter with no leaves, stem or roots. However, little is known about the floral biology of this species especially at the molecular level. In an effort to address this issue, we have generated and characteri...