Observations of the Caspian Sea during August-September 1995 are used to develop a three-dimensional numerical model to be used in calculating temperature and current. The model has variable grid resolution and horizontal smoothing that filters out small scale vertical motion. Data from the meteorological buoy network on the Caspian Sea are combined with routine observations at first-order syno...

There are numerous methods for data fillingin hydrology. Most, however, are based oncorrelations with nearby stations in a generalscheme of regionalization. These methods,though robust, fail to function when andwhere all the near stations are missed-datatoo. The Mashhad synoptic station has annualrainfall data over a 50 year period from 1951to 2000 and historic rainfall data from 1893 to1940, j...

Climatic parameters in time and space scales of change are for many reasons of Changes and how they should be based on observations using a statistical method to be determined. Analysis of the most widely used statistical methods that assess potential climate change on hydrological time series, such series of precipitation, temperature and flow rate used. This study of 11 synoptic,rain gage and...

A model, based on ozone-concentration tendency equation, is developed to study synoptic ozone-column variations. The application is referred to a middle-latitude site and to an atmospheric layer extending from the surface up to about 35-km altitude. Photochemical effects at the considered location for synoptic time scales are considered negligible. The data input consists of umkehr ozone profil...

We derive a multi-scale model of moist tropical dynamics which is valid on horizontal synoptic scales, zonal planetary scales, and synoptic and intraseasonal time scales. The Intraseasonal Multi-Scale Moist Dynamics (IMMD) framework builds on the IPESD framework of [A.J. Majda and R. Klein, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 393–408, 2003]. It generalizes the latter by allowing for strong zonal winds (the Tra...

In this study, long-term (10 years) radiosonde-based cloud data are compared with the ground-based active remote sensing product under six prevailing large-scale synoptic patterns, i.e., cyclonic center (CC), weak pressure pattern (WP), the southeast bottom of cyclonic center (CB), cold front (CF), anticyclone edge (AE) and anticyclone center (AC) over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The ...

The impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on synoptic conditions in Ukraine can not be considered as fully defined as the territory of Ukraine is located at the transitional boundary of processes associated with the NAO. As a rule, common methods based on the principal component analysis (PCA) can not reveal the impact of the NAO. Moreover, the analysis of synopticscale processes based...

The plastic effect is historically used to denote various forms of stereopsis. The vivid impression of depth often associated with binocular stereopsis can also be achieved in other ways, for example, using a synopter. Accounts of this go back over a hundred years. These ways of viewing all aim to diminish sensorial evidence that the picture is physically flat. Although various viewing modes ha...

Pollution levels and the effect of air pollution on human health can be modified by synoptic weather type and aeroallergens. We investigated the effect modification of aeroallergens on the association between CO, O3, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5 and asthma hospitalisation rates in seven synoptic weather types using single air pollutant models, adjusted for the effect of aeroallergens and stratified...