Operational models of economic activity, particularly at the farm scale, have become commonly used, and widely accepted methods and applications exist. Operational models of ecological systems probably have less of a history but processes of species interaction and succession are well documented. Relationships between economic farm-scale variables and resultant ecological diversity, however, ar...

An approach to calculate the wind farm penetration capacity based on chance constrained programming combining with transient check was presented. A novel model for programming penetration of wind farm under indeterminacy operating mode was presented. Constraint condition consisted of conventional generator output limits, system spinning reserve, transmission lines capability, nodal voltage, sys...

An integrated approach to reservoir, irrigation, and cropping management which links four di€erent modelsÐa hydrologic model (PRMS), a crop growth simulation model (EPIC), an economic model based on linear programming, and a dynamic programming modelÐis developed and demonstrated. The demonstration is based on an irrigation district located in a subhumid climate with an irrigation reservoir lar...