as its first research and training centre and started work in Helsinki, Finland in 1985. The Institute undertakes applied research and policy analysis on structural changes affecting the developing and transitional economies, provides a forum for the advocacy of policies leading to robust, equitable and environmentally sustainable growth, and promotes capacity strengthening and training in the ...

—Carrier Aggregation (CA) technology is one of theenhancements keys which supports high bandwidth up to 100MHz in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) networks.CA technology has been developed by The 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) to serve mobile users with high datarate up to 1 Gbps for downlink and 500 Mbps for uplink.However, 3GPP has not defined a firm pro...

Motivated by concerns that automated decision-making procedures can unintentionally lead to discriminatory behavior, we study a technical definition of fairness modeled after John Rawls’ notion of “fair equality of opportunity”. In the context of a simple model of online decision making, we give an algorithm that satisfies this fairness constraint, while still being able to learn at a rate that...

BACKGROUND Throughout the world, financing the healthcare system through households' financial contribution is a challenging issue in evaluating performance of healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is illustrating the consequences of Iranian household to health system financial contribution in terms of burden and incomes approaches. METHOD The Data derived from an annual survey by Sta...

Two major problems in a passive asynchronous optical ring network using CSMA/CA protocol are bandwidth fragmentation due to packet insertion process and unfair bandwidth access due to ring topology, which strongly drop the network performance. We introduce in this paper a CSMA/CA-based protocol with fairness improvement, (the so-called I-MAC for Improved Media Access Control), applied to passiv...

Fair scheduling algorithms are an important component of most QoS mechanisms designed to support the performance guarantees required by real-time applications. In this paper, we present Greedy Fair Queueing (GrFQ), a novel scheduler based on a greedy strategy of reducing the maximum difference in normalized service received by any two flows at each trasmission boundary. We prove that the GrFQ s...

Automatic rate adaptation in CSMA/CA wireless networks may cause drastic throughput degradation for high speed bit rate stations (STAs). The CSMA/CA medium access method guarantees equal long-term channel access probability to all hosts when they are saturated. In previous work it has been shown that the saturation throughput of any STA is limited by the saturation throughput of the STA with th...

Optimal channel assignment (CA) in Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks is an NP-Hard problem for which solutions usually leave several links interfering. Most of these solutions usually consider the overall throughput as the main optimization objective. However, other objectives have to be considered in order to provide better quality wireless connections to non stationary users. In this paper, ...

this paper presents pluralism as a historical process. the term pluralism frequently appears not only in the field of political philosophy but also in social sciences. in one sense, the growing literature is stimulating and enriching, nevertheless the abundance of material attempting to explain the various interpretations of pluralist theory can be convoluted and overwhelming. despite the const...