in the past, forest road network designing was mainly done for its main goals-management and exploitation. this study was performed to pay attention for multilateral goals of forest roads, especially its role in forest villages’ development, in estakhr-posht of neka (6 villages) in series 2, section 6 of neka-zalem rood forest management plan. at first, constructed forest roads and suggested ro...

Forest road construction is the most costly operation in forestry. Road designing and construction in unsuitable areas may increase construction and maintenance costs and also cause many environmental impacts. Therefore, it is required to pay more attention to forest road design. In this research, we tried to introduce an appropriate method for locating forest roads using GIS and AHP simultaneo...

Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the most important deciduous tree species in Germany. The wood of beech shows normally a bright colour (white beech) as long as no coloured heartwood has been formed. The facultative heartwood formation is induced when oxygen enters central parts of older trees, where dead or at least less vital parenchyma exist. The coloured heartwood is usually called ‘red heartw...

Two-year-old beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings were planted directly in the ground at high density (100 per m(2)), in an experimental design that realistically mimicked field conditions, and grown for two years in air containing CO(2) at either ambient or an elevated (ambient + 350 ppm) concentration. Plant dry mass and leaf area were increased by a two-year exposure to elevated CO(2). The sa...

There are few data on fine root biomass and morphology change in relation to stand age. Based on chronosequences for beech (9-140 years old), oak (11-140 years) and alder (4-76 years old) we aimed to examine how stand age affects fine root biomass and morphology. Soil cores from depths of 0-15 cm and 16-30 cm were used for the study. In contrast to previously published studies that suggested th...

Aim This work explores whether the commonly observed positive range size–niche breadth relationship exists for Fagus, one of most dominant and widespread broad-leaved deciduous tree genera in temperate forests Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we ask 10 extant Fagus species’ niche breadths climatic tolerances are under phylogenetic control. Location Hemisphere forests. Taxon L. Methods Combini...

Forest ecosystems are important providers of ecosystem functions and services belonging to four categories: supporting, provisioning, regulating cultural services. management, generally focused on timber production, has consequences the ability system keep providing Silviculture, in fact, may affect ecological structures processes from which arise. In particular, removal biomass causes a radica...