پارامتر ضمیر اندازی را می‌توان همان "محدودیت نیاز به فاعل" در نظر گرفت که در اولین مطالعات زایشی در این زمینه توسط پرمیوتر (1971) مطرح شد (جگلی و سفیر 1991) . براساس این پارامتر زبان‌های فاعل تهی (null subject) یا ضمیر انداز (pro-drop) در جملات زمان‌دار می‌توانند دارای فاعل‌های ناملفوظ باشند و در مقابل زبان‌های غیر ضمیرانداز الزاماً ضمیر فاعلی با نمود آوایی دارند. به موجب این پارامتر، زبان‌های د...

within communicative, interactive, and learner-centered framework of language teaching and learning, students need to learn four skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing for their educational success. but of all the language skills, reading enjoys a paramount significance in so many second or foreign language academic contexts. in spite of its importance, language learners still have...

the subjects of the study are only the tefl teachers and students at gilan university. to obtain the desired data, a questionnaire which was based on the theories and disecussions gathered, was used as the main data gathering instrument. to determine the degree of relationship between variables, covariance and pearson product moment correlation coefficient were the formulas applied. the data we...

according to research, academic self-concept and academic achievement are mutually interdependent. in the present study, the aim was to determine the relationship between the academic self-concept and the academic achievement of students in english as a foreign language and general subjects. the participants were 320 students studying in 4th grade of high school in three cities of noor, nowshah...