19 Clay-polymer composites were designed for use in filtration processes for disinfection 20 during the course of water purification. The composites were formed by sorption of 21 polymers based on starch modified with quaternary ammonium ethers onto the 22 negatively charged clay mineral bentonite. The performance of the clay-polymer 23 complexes in removal of bacteria was strongly dependent on...

Douglas Creek arch in western Colorado and eastern Utah separates the Uinta and Piceance Creek basins. During deposition of the lower part of the Eocene Green River Formation, the arch provided a physical barrier dividing ancient Lake Uinta into two segments. As the lake expanded, the arch became a shoal area where marginal-lacustrine and mud flat sediment was deposited. Near the end of Green R...

Clay minerals are widespread in natural systems and have been widely used for the removal of pollutants. In this study, natural expanded vermiculite was used in adsorption tests to remove ammonium nitrogen from landfill leachate. The modification of vermiculite was carried out using NaOH and HCl, and for both modifications the best concentration was 0.1 mol/L. The results produced by XRD (X-ray...

-Clay-modified electrode research indicates that adsorbed complexes are electroactive if the adsorption sites are clay edges. Interlayer adsorbed complexes may be electroactive ifa charge shuttle is added or if interlayer swelling is large. Conductivity of the film towards anionic species depends upon the swelling of the clay, which depends on the electrolyte concentration and speciation. The d...

Preparation of a novel organically modified clay from spent oil base drilling mud (SOBM) that could serve as core-shell clay filler for polymers is herein reported. Due to the hydrophilic nature of clay, its compatibility with polymer matrix was made possible through modification of the surface of the core clay sample with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) compound prior to its use. Fourie...

The segmental dynamics of rigid, intermediate, and mobile molecular components in carboxyl terminated polybutadiene (CTPB)/ organo−clay (C18−clay) systems was characterized by fully refocused H NMR FID. In addition, H DQ NMR experiments allowed semiquantitative monitoring of changes in segmental dynamics near the interface. Both methods suggest a critical concentration of 60 wt % CTPB, indicati...

Predicting soil phosphorus (P) needs and P fertilizer requirements is important for plant nutrition and reducing environmental risk. The P requirement (PR) can be calculated from three components: the current status of soil P (P0), soil P buffer coefficient (PBC), and the soil P critical level (PCL). The PBC and PCL can be predicted from soil clay content using linear-plateau models. The PR, PB...

ABS~CT Particle-size analyses of brickearth and Clay-with-flints from Kent, England, are presented. A calcareous sample of brickearth is comparable to loess. In th~ clay fraction, there is more illite (or glauconite) than kaolin; and there is some chlorite. The clay fraction of the Clay-withflints consists of smectite, illite and quartz and is probably derived directly from the Chalk. Black san...

Through transfer of an active, isoproturon degrading microbial community, pesticide mineralization could be successfully enhanced in various soils under laboratory and outdoor conditions. The microbes, extracted from a soil having high native ability to mineralize this chemical, were established on expanded clay particles and distributed to various soils in the form of microbial "hot spots". Bo...

Continuous ethanol fermentation from cheap sugar cane molasses was studied. Two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used, one of them flocculent, in order to evaluate the performance of fluidized tubular reactors, with and without support for yeast immobilisation (polyurethane foam and expanded clay argilate granules were tested). In this heterogeneous continuous system, with three phases,...