The ZTP riboswitch is a widespread family of regulatory RNAs that upregulate de novo purine synthesis in response to increased intracellular levels of ZTP or ZMP. As an important intermediate in purine biosynthesis, ZMP also serves as a proxy for the concentration of N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate, a key component of one-carbon metabolism. Here, we report the structure of the ZTP riboswitch bound ...

Hobbes to Rousseau: Inequality, Institutions, and Development This paper studies the endogenous evolution of economic and political institutions and the interdependencies with the process of economic development. Favorable economic institutions in form of a social contract that ensures a state of law and the absence of societal conflict are not assumed exogenously under certain political system...

An apyrase (NTP/NDPase) implicated in the response of Mimosa pudica to stimuli, such as touch, has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. While purifying and characterizing this enzyme, it was observed that a chromophore is associated with it, having absorption in the ultraviolet-A/blue region of the spectrum. The absorbance maximum of the chromophore, purified from the enzym...

This paper investigates the impact of sovereign defaults on the ability of the corporate sector in emerging nations to finance itself abroad. The hypothesis here is that defaults have a negative spillover effect on the private sector through credit rationing. We explore a novel dataset covering the vast majority of corporates and municipals in emerging nations that received foreign capital betw...

This paper shows, in a two-sector Malthusian model of endogenous population growth, that output per capita, population density, and industrialization depend upon the labor intensity of agricultural production. Because the diminishing returns to labor are less pronounced, high labor intensity (as in rice production) leads not only to a larger population density but also to lower output per capit...

The N-formyltransferases, also known as transformylases, play key roles in de novo purine biosynthesis where they catalyze the transfer of formyl groups to primary amine acceptors. These enzymes require N10-formyltetrahydrofolate for activity. Due to their biological importance they have been extensively investigated for many years, and they are still serving as targets for antifolate drug desi...

Efficient protein synthesis in all organisms requires the post-transcriptional methylation of specific ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) nucleotides. The methylation reactions are almost invariably catalyzed by enzymes that use S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the methyl group donor. One noteworthy exception is seen in some bacteria, where the conserved tRNA methylation ...

introduction: polycystic ovary syndrome (pcos) is one of the most common endocrinological pathologies in women during their reproductive years with ovulatory dysfunction, abdominal obesity, hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. the aim of the present research was to evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (tac), total oxidant status (tos), free testosterone, ovarian morphology and estrous cy...

objective(s): the effect of prolonged overtraining on cytokine kinetics was compared with moderate exercise in the present study.   materials and methods: male wistar rats were randomly divided into control sedentary (c), moderate trained (mt), (v=20 m/min, 30 min/day for 6 days a week, 8 weeks), overtrained (ot) (v=25 m/min, 60min/day for 6 days a week, 11 weeks) and recovered overtrained (or)...