BACKGROUND Privacy, ethics, and data access issues pose significant challenges to the timely delivery of health research. Whilst the fundamental drivers to ensure that data access is ethical and satisfies privacy requirements are similar, they are often dealt with in varying ways by different approval processes. OBJECTIVE To achieve a consensus across an international panel of health care and...

A framework for an enterprise-wide strategic stakeholder approach to sales ethics is developed to address ethical sales performance. Stakeholder orientation goes beyond market orientation and customer orientation and provides the foundation for an organizational ethical culture and an ethical sales subculture. Organizational values and norms can dictate modes of behavior and help balance stakeh...

The notions of individual and collective ethics were first explicitly defined in the biostatistical literature in 1971 to motivate a mathematical solution to a posed ethical dilemma. This paper reviews key antecedents to these concepts and traces explicit references to them over time, primarily in the biostatistical literature. Following a historical exposition of these texts, a critical themat...

The ethical aspect of decision support systems (DSS) is an important area of concern for developers and users alike. Such systems impose frameworks and structures upon the cognitive decision making process to a greater or lesser extent, requiring the developer to anticipate, if consideration is given at all, the ethical questions that the decision maker might face. However, the level of researc...

The aim of this conceptual paper is to propose pathways through which psychological contract breach, ethical leader behaviour, and supervisors’ fairness are related to employees’ attitudes, behaviours and wellbeing. The paper reviews extant literature and builds a logical framework depicting the interrelationships among psychological contract breach, ethical leader behaviours, and supervisors’ ...

The ethical landscape surrounding the introduction of autonomous vehicles is complex, and there are real concerns over whether the operational safety of these systems can be adequately demonstrated. In this paper we focus on the ethical factors relevant to the design and safety justification of autonomous systems, considering issues such as risk transfer, ALARP considerations, capability vs ris...

Emerging AI systems will be making more and more decisions that impact the lives of humans in a significant way. It is essential, then, that these AI systems make decisions that take into account the desires, goals, and preferences of other people, while simultaneously learning about what those preferences are. In this work, we argue that the reinforcementlearning framework achieves the appropr...

The ethical review of research on human beings, and indeed the ethical review of broader ranges of human activity, is a growth industry. I want to look here at the ethical review of research on humans and raise some questions about the direction it is taking. I am pessimistic about where the institutions that we have set up are leading us and I want to sound a warning note and suggest some chan...

Health research initiatives worldwide are growing in scope and complexity, particularly as they move into the developing world. Expanding health research activity in low- and middle-income countries has resulted in a commensurate rise in the need for sound ethical review structures and functions in the form of Research Ethics Committees (RECs). The urgent need for continued capacity development...

This article presents a quantitative way of modeling the interim decisions of clinical trials. While statistical approaches tend to focus on the epistemic aspects of statistical monitoring rules, often overlooking ethical considerations, ethical approaches tend to neglect the key epistemic dimension. The proposal is a second-order decision-analytic framework. The framework provides means for re...