Two different classes of quality measures are discussed and compared: absolute and relative measures. The relative class to which the prediction error belongs has many different approximations and equivalents, like the spectral distortion and the likelihood ratio. This measure is based on time series theory and can be written as a relative error in the frequency domain. It is useful in many app...

in this paper, we consider portfolio selection problem in which security returns are regarded as fuzzy variables rather than random variables. we first introduce a concept of absolute deviation for fuzzy variables and prove some useful properties, which imply that absolute deviation may be used to measure risk well. then we propose two mean-absolute deviation models by defining risk as abs...

In this paper, we propose a parametric uniform approximation method to solve NP-hard absolute value equations. For this, we uniformly approximate absolute value in such a way that the nonsmooth absolute value equation can be formulated as a smooth nonlinear equation. By solving the parametric smooth nonlinear equation using Newton method, for a decreasing sequence of parameters, we can get the ...

The functional demand imposed on bone promotes changes in the spatial properties of osteocytes as well as in their extensions uniformly distributed throughout the mineralized surface. Once spatial deformation is established, osteocytes create the need for structural adaptations that result in bone formation and resorption that happen to meet the functional demands. The endosteum and the periost...

Detailed practical and numerical information is provided for undertaking and evaluating absolute-structure and absolute-con®guration determinations. The interpretation of numerical values of x, the Flack [Acta Cryst. (1983), A39, 876± 881] parameter, and its standard uncertainty u are explained in terms of the inversion-distinguishing power. Moreover, the conditions to obtain reliable values of...

OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to compare the variation of manipulative forces produced by instruments and a manual technique. METHODS Four operators (2 experts and 2 novices) used 4 different mechanical instruments to apply force to a uniaxial load cell. A different group of 2 expert and 2 novice operators used a traditional manual technique to apply force to a sensor mat. Two primary ...