The epistemic modals possible, probable, likely, and certain require a semantics which treats them both as modal operators and as gradable adjectives. An analysis of these items in terms of Kennedy & McNally (2005)’s theory gradability suggests that they are associated with a single, fully closed scale of possibility. An implementation using the standard (Kratzerian) theory of modality is shown...

This paper studies a particular interpretation of propositional modal logic into propositional modal logic. Under an epistemic reading of the modality this interpretation can be understood as taking knowledge to be true belief. All normal modal logics of belief that under this definition of knowledge give rise to S5 as the logic of knowledge are determined. And all the normal modal logics of be...

The language of justification logic makes it possible to define what it means for knowledge/belief described by an epistemic modality to be self-referential. Building on an earlier result that S4 and its justification counterpart LP describe knowledge that is self-referential, we show that the same is true for K4, D4, and T with their justification counterparts, whereas for K and D self-referen...

This paper studies a particular interpretation of propositional modal logic into propositional modal logic. Under an epistemic reading of the modality this interpretation can be understood as taking knowledge to be true belief. All normal modal logics of belief that under this definition of knowledge give rise to S5 as the logic of knowledge are determined. And all the normal modal logics of be...

We analyze the Brandenburger-Keisler paradox in epistemic game theory, which is a ‘two-person version of Russell’s paradox’. Our aim is to understand how it relates to standard one-person arguments, and why the ‘believes-assumes’ modality used in the argument arises. We recast it as a fixpoint result, which can be carried out in any regular category, and show how it can be reduced to a relation...

Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot (1954) is a parody of the world following World War II. The play exemplifies spirit age by using defamiliarization as textual strategy means which characters utilize epistemic modals leading their conversational exchanges to never-ending voidness and uncertainty. Therefore, this study analyses discoursal features focusing on modality primary void indecisive at...

We briefly give an overview of Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL), mainly in semantic terms. We focus on the simplest of epistemic actions in DEL, called public announcements. We also sketch the effect of more complex epistemic actions, and briefly show how als factual change can be modelled in the same framework. We then apply the logic of public announcements in DEL to the analysis of a knowledge ...

Birleşik fiiller, herhangi bir hareketi karşılamak veya betimlemek üzere iki daha fazla sözcüğün araya gelerek kendi anlamlarından farklı anlam yaratacak şekilde kalıplaşması ile oluşan sözcük topluluklarıdır. Sıfat-fiil ekli fiil + yardımcı biçiminde karmaşık fiiller ise birleşik fiillerin alt başlığında yer alan ve fiilin zaman tarzla ilgili özelliklerini gösteren kategorisidir. Karmaşık fiil...

This paper aims to contribute the debates about nature of speaker-related meanings mental state predicates, on basis a diachronic corpus study into semantic evolution five such verbs in Dutch. The analyses show that each these develops its own spe-cific profile terms limited set clearly distinguishable meanings, viz. epistemic modality, evidentiality, and ‘subjectivi-ty’. Each is moreover chara...