Chloroplast protein import presents a complex membrane traversal problem: precursor proteins must cross two envelope membranes to reach the stromal compartment. This work characterizes a new chloroplast protein import intermediate which has completely traversed the outer envelope membrane but has not yet reached the stroma. The existence of this intermediate demonstrates that distinct protein t...

Posttranslational transfer of most precursor proteins into mitochondria is dependent on energization of the mitochondria. Experiments were carried out to determine whether the membrane potential or the intramitochondrial ATP is the immediate energy source. Transfer in vitro of precursors to the ADP/ATP carrier and to ATPase subunit 9 into isolated Neurospora mitochondria was investigated. Under...

Due to the rapid industrialization and development across the entire globe, there is the increasing demand for energy. However, the energy sources from fossil fuels are not abundant in every part of the world. India has to import fuel from other parts of the world which consumes a major portion of Government funds. So, currently improving solar energy technologies efficiency is one of the most ...

A concentration gradient of the GTP-bound form of the GTPase Ran across nuclear pores is essential for the transport of many proteins and nucleic acids between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of eukaryotic cells [1] [2] [3] [4]. The mechanisms responsible for the dynamics and maintenance of this Ran gradient have been unclear. We now show that Ran shuttles between the nucleosol and cyt...

Energy policy in the European Union (EU) faces two major challenges. The first challenge is posed by EUs commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere in the context of the international agreement on climate change. The second challenge is to keep ensuring European security of energy supply, while its dependency on external sources of energy is projected to increase. In this p...

due to the importance of the import management, this study applies generalized ardl approach to estimate midas regression for wheat import value and to compare the accuracy of forecasts with those competed by the regression with adjusted data model. mixed frequency sampling models aim to extract information with high frequency indicators so that independent variables with lower frequencies are ...

the phenomena of extensive air shower (eas) are produced by the collision of primary cosmic rays (cr) with energy more than ev with the atmospheric molecules. as a result the electron and muon components (cascades) of eas develop through the air.  the study of such cascades gives important information about the primary cr mass composition as well as its astrophysical origin models. one of the e...