INTRODUCTION Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is an extremely rare radiological diagnosis that has not been reported previously in association with acute liver failure. CASE PRESENTATION A 6-year-old Sri Lankan girl developed acute liver failure with severe hepatic encephalopathy due to sodium valproate. She was successfully treated medically with N-acetylcysteine and L-carnitine....

A case of cyclosporin A (Cys A)-induced posterior encephalopathy developed into persistent abulia despite rapid and marked improvement of abnormal T2- and FLAIR MRI hyperintense regions. Diffusion-weighted MRI signal intensity was also high at the onset. This change is atypical in Cys A-induced encephalopathy and was thought to predict poor recovery from the encephalopathy. Persistent abulia wa...

Valproic acid (VPA) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug and is usually well-tolerated. Rare serious complications may occur in some patients, including haemorrhagic pancreatitis, bone marrow suppression, VPA-induced hepatotoxicity and VPA-induced encephalopathy. The typical signs of VPA-induced encephalopathy are impaired consciousness, sometimes marked EEG background slowing, increased seiz...

Hemodialysis-related portal-systemic encephalopathy (HRPSE) is characterized by the presence of portosystemic encephalopathy without liver dysfunction, usually caused by changes in the systemic venous flow related to hemodialysis. We herein describe the case of a 75-year-old woman who developed hepatic encephalopathy five years after the initiation of hemodialysis. Abdominal contrast-enhanced c...

susac's syndrome (ss) is a clinical triad of encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion and sensorineural hearing loss and maybe due to an immune-mediated endotheliopathy. because of its rarity and some similarities to other common neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, it is often misdiagnosed and therefore mistreated. to the best of o...

Encephalopathy and brain edema are serious complications of liver failure and may lead to rapid death of patients. The present study was designed to show the effects of acute hepatic encephalopathy on the oxidative/nitrosative stress markers in the brain and to investigate the modulation of these markers by minocycline and vitamin E to establish the best way of its prevention. 24 male albino ra...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (EBLL i.e blood lead >10 micrograms/dL, Centers Disease Control criteria) in children with encephalopathy. SETTING Hospital. DESIGN Case control study. PARTICIPANTS 100 children, 49 with encephalopathy and 51 consecutive hospital controls. OUTCOME MEASURES Blood lead levels, demographics, clinical, environmental correla...

OBJECTIVE To present a case study of Hashimoto's encephalopathy. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Nottingham University Hospital, UK. PATIENTS Two adolescent females presented with encephalopathy and raised venous lactate. Both had subtle signs of neurocognitive deterioration before initial presentation. Extensive investigation revealed elevated antithyroid anti...

Introduction: Hashimoto’s encephalopathy is a steroid­responsive encephalopathy associated with elevated blood concentrations of antithyroid antibodies. The patients are usually euthyroid or mildly hypothyroid. A wide array of clinical features of Hashimoto’s encephalopathy has been reported till date. The pleomorphic manifestations may be behavioral and cognitive changes, myoclonus, seizures, ...

Hepatic encephalopathy arises from the combination of hepatocellular dysfunction and portal-systemic shunting. Encephalopathy is more prominent in advanced stages of liver cirrhosis and signals the presence of fulminant hepatic failure in patients with acute liver injury. As important as the extent of shunting is the presence of large spontaneous collaterals. Ammonia continues to be a leading t...