What role do hierarchies play with respect to the organization of production and what factors determine their structure? Despite hierarchies’ pervasiveness in the economy, there has been little or no systematic empirical work on these issues. This paper examines these issues, focusing on legal services in the United States. We first provide some stylized facts and discuss how they cannot be acc...

Administrators in five highly effective elementary schools were studied. These leaders, through acts of will and insight, had given up iconic and heroic leadership status, so that school leadership might be shared. Leadership has a significant effect on student learning. Principals’ influence is often indirect, works through others, and happens best by developing teachers’ efficacy in curriculu...

BACKGROUND Owing to the limited effectiveness of traditional health education curricula in schools, there is increasing interest in interventions aiming to promote young people's health by modifying the school environment. Existing systematic reviews cannot determine whether environmental intervention is effective because they examine interventions combining environmental modifications and trad...

We describe enabling technology for a system to actively support intelligence analysis tasks by (1) helping an analyst identify, structure, aggregate and visualize task-relevant information; (2) enabling an analyst to construct explicit models of alternative hypotheses (scenarios, relationships, causality, etc.); and (3) actively assist an analyst in analytical reasoning such as hypothesis refi...

OBJECTIVES We describe a school program based on a student manual for promoting mental health and preventing mental illness. METHODS A preliminary version of the manual was assessed for face validity by two focus groups. The final version was evaluated for acceptability among 253 students in 10 high schools and 1 middle school in Italy. RESULTS The manual included 18 chapters (or "units") w...

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Soft systems methodology (SSM) is a well-known Problem Structuring Methods that has proven effective when tackling problematic situations. To model different perceptions of situation, SSM encourage stakeholders to propose possible transformation likely improve the situation. The more transformations compiled richer process become; but in practice, managing higher number presents challenge. Valu...