The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a transcription factor which is expressed in medullary thymic epithelial cells. It directs the expression of otherwise tissue-specific antigens, which leads to the elimination of autoreactive T cells during development. AIRE is modified post-translationally by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. In this report we connected these modifications. AIRE, which is p...

Translation elongation factor 1beta (EF-1beta) is a member of the family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, proteins whose activities are important for the regulation of G proteins critical to many cellular processes. EF-1beta is a highly conserved protein that catalyzes the exchange of bound GDP for GTP on EF-1alpha, a required step to ensure continued protein synthesis. In this work, we ...

The effect of streptothricin F on elongation factor-dependent and on elongation factor-free translation systems was studied. Streptothricin F inhibits factor-dependent as well as factor-free polypeptide synthesis. The results suggest that streptothricin F inhibits polypeptide synthesis via interaction with the ribosome. In partial reactions streptothricin F impairs EF-G-dependent translocation ...

Recently, a positive and a negative elongation factor, implicated in 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) inhibition of transcription elongation, has been identified. P-TEFb is a positive transcription elongation factor and the DRB-sensitive kinase that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). PITALRE, a member of the Cdc...

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein activates transcription elongation by stimulating the Tat-activated kinase (TAK/p-TEFb), a protein kinase composed of CDK9 and its cyclin partner, cyclin T1. CDK9 is able to hyperphosphorylate the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase during elongation. In addition to TAK, the transcription elongation fa...

Collisions between paused transcription elongation complexes and replication forks inevitably happen, which may lead to collapse of replication fork and could be detrimental to cells. Bacterial transcription factor DksA and its cofactor alarmone ppGpp were proposed to contribute to prevention of such collisions, although the mechanism of this activity remains elusive. Here we show that DksA/ppG...

The elongation phase of transcription by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) is controlled by a carefully orchestrated series of interactions with both negative and positive factors. However, due to the limitations of current methods and techniques, not much is known about whether and how these proteins physically associate with the engaged polymerases. To gain insight into the detailed mechanisms invo...