production subsidies, as a part of the strategy of economic growth of the agricultural sector, are of great importance around the world. subsidizing production inputs, particularly energy input, is another way of directing subsidy to the agricultural sector. in this research, production function of the agricultural sector was estimated using econometric methods and time series data. after calcu...

We argue that the pervasive practice of evaluating portfolio managers relative to a benchmark has real effects. Benchmarking generates additional, inelastic demand for assets inside benchmark. This leads “benchmark inclusion subsidy:” firm values an investment project more than one outside. The same wedge arises valuing M&A, spinoffs, and IPOs. overturns proposition investment’s value is indepe...

Using data from a two-year randomized pricing experiment in China, we study the impact and design of subsidy policies for weather insurance. Results show that subsidies are effective in boosting demand in the short-run but not in the longer term. Exploring the channels, we show that while subsidies increase the direct and social effects of payout experiences by enlarging coverage, they also dam...