This study investigates the effects of electoral systems on ethnic fractionalization in democratic states. The paper addresses the following two questions: (1) does a country’s electoral system have an effect on its level of ethnic fractionalization; and (2) if there is such a relationship, is this effect uniform across all electoral systems or do certain electoral systems effect levels of ethn...

The objective of the study was to describe voter participation (turnout) in South East Asia, particlarry Indonesian and Malaysian elections from 2004–2019, factors that cause stable participation. voters Malaysia’s 2004–2018 is 73.90–84%. Indonesia’s 2004–2019 70.99–84.09%. This means last three election periods both countries. shows four participation: political awareness, rationality, percept...

Gangs’ territorial control affects the lives of residents in thousands neighborhoods across Latin America, particularly northern Central American countries. I argue that gang dominance constrains ability neighborhood to mobilize politically and consequently resist violence through institutionalized channels. Living gang-controlled results fewer incentives opportunities make political elites acc...

The present study was intended to explore the electoral politics on basis of aimed voter turnout in same election. carried with help descriptive research. Primary as well secondary data collected for generalization results. results and finding were amalgamated study.

Abstract Free and fair elections are the cornerstone of representative democracy. In recent years, however, in many advanced democracies have increasingly come under attack by populist actors rhetoric questioning integrity electoral process. While scholarly attention has so far largely focused on expert surveys measuring documenting objective different elections, a thorough understanding citize...

Abstract Does unemployment increase or decrease electoral participation? A considerable body of work has examined this classic question, focusing on individual and contextual unemployment. However, literature scarcely the role past experiences unemployment, not yet addressed their interaction with In article, we extend framework scarring to study behaviour. First, posit that scars participation...

What difference does it make if the state makes people vote? The question is central to normative debates about the rights and duties of citizens in a democracy, and to contemporary policy debates in a number of Latin American countries over what actions states should take to encourage electoral participation. Focusing on a rare case of abolishing compulsory voting in Venezuela, this article sh...

■ Abstract In this review article, I identify the key questions raised by the treatment of electoral systems not as causal influences on party systems but as effects or byproducts of party systems. Framing these questions in the context of the classic consequences-oriented study of electoral institutions, I first review the classic approach, which treats electoral systems as causes, and explore...