In the conceptual metaphor theory, it has been common to assume at least two metaphors where concepts of Time are structured through concepts of Space; Time-moving metaphor and Ego-moving metaphor. Several researchers carried out quantitative studies and revealed that languages have preferences on these Temporal metaphors: Ego-moving metaphor is more preferable in English and Chinese. This pape...

In this experiment we examined the effects of task and ego involvement on three measures of moral behavior--prosocial choice, observed prosocial behavior, and observed antisocial behavior--in a competitive setting. We also investigated sex differences in moral behavior. Male (n = 48) and female (n = 48) college students were randomly assigned to a task-involving, an ego-involving, or a control ...

Although success in managing evolving peer relationships is linked to critical adolescent outcomes, little is known about the specific factors that lead to success or failure in peer relationship development across adolescence. This longitudinal study examines the role of adolescents' level of ego development as a predictor of the future course of several facets of friendship development in ear...

This study is concerned with the role that achievement goals may play in facilitating the psychological well-being of students. Specifically, we build on "goal theory" analysis of adaptive behavior in examining the relationship between task and ego goals, perceptions of school emphases on task and ego goals, and indices of well-being and disruptive behavior. Generally, task goals and perception...

In achievement contexts such as sport, achievement goal theory assumes that an individual's major concern is to demonstrate competence. However, competence may be expressed in two ways: as task and ego involvement (Nicholls, 1989). Seventy-eight boys (M age = 13.6 years) performed five climbing courses, and the influence of achievement goals, perceived ability, and task difficulty on effort and...

Language holds a unique position among the functions of the ego because its development and operation depend upon the synthesis of mental schematization, motor control, affective responses, and environmental stimulation. Moreover, language is a structural organization like the ego itself, and may be studied effectively through the vehicle of speech. Thus, it may be said that speech offers a win...

The current study examines the relationship between narcissism and aggression. The link between narcissistic personalities and heightened aggressive response to ego threat has been substantiated in the literature (Twenge & Campbell, 2003), but it is unclear whether this response is driven by a self-repairing mechanism to restore damaged self-esteem or by an ego-promoting mechanism to vent frust...

All the defensive measures of the ego against the id are carried out silently and invisibly. The most we can ever do is reconstruct them in retrospect: we can never really witness them in operation. … definite indications of obsessional exaggeration suggest that it is of the nature of reaction and that it conceals a long-standing conflict. Here again, observation of the particular mode of defen...

Maltreatment was predicted to negatively affect children's academic and behavioral adjustment through the creation of deficits in academic engagement, social competencies, ego resiliency, and ego control. Teachers' comprehensive evaluations, school records, and camp counselors' ratings were obtained for 229 socioeconomically disadvantaged children (ages 5-12 years), 146 of whom had been maltrea...