the purpose of this study was to examine cook’s (2003) ‘multiple competence’ by investigating backward pragmatic transfer (from l2 [english] to l1 [persian]) in refusals to invitations. it explored participants’ frequency and content of refusal strategies in l1 regarding the status (i.e., power and distance) of interlocutors and the proficiency level of efl learners. the participants were persi...

This study investigated the interrelationships among EFL learners’ self-efficacy, autonomy and listening comprehension ability. Ninety female learners of intermediate level participated in the study. They were between 16 and 24 years old. In order to obtain the required data on the three variables (i.e., self-efficacy, autonomy, and listening comprehension ability), the researchers, after admin...

This study investigates how L2 learners judge the familiarity and transparency of English idioms and whether these judgments would be associated with comprehension. It compares the performance of 90 undergraduate (Level 1 and Level 4) EFL students on tasks measuring idiom familiarity, transparency and comprehension. Results showed that the Level 4 students rated the idioms higher in familiarity...

Performance deficiencies and inconsistencies among SLA or FL learners can be attributed to variety of sources including both systemic (i.e., language issues) and individual variables.  Contrary to a rich background, the literature still suffers from a gap as far as delving into the issue from language proficiency and learning style is concerned. To fill the gap, this study addressed EFL learner...

The present study examines how various types of attention cueing and cognitive preference affect learners’ comprehension of a cardiovascular system and cognitive load. EFL learners were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: non-signal, static-blood-signal, static-blood-static-arrow-signal, and animation-signal. The results indicated that attention cueing yielded similar performance but h...

The study aimed to compare the perception and production of English front vowel pairs: /i/-/ɪ / and /ɛ /-/æ/ and to identify their perception-production link by Taiwanese EFL learners through minimal-pair tests. Twenty Grade 6 elementary school students in Taiwan were randomly selected to be engaged in two tests with 4 front vowels (/i/, /ɪ /, /ɛ /, /æ/) embedded in ten monosyllabic words respe...

the purpose of this present study was to investigate the relationship between intrapersonal intelligence of efl learners and their critical thinking. multiple intelligences involve nine types and onc is intrapcrsonal intelligence. intrapcrsonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand the concept of oneself and awareness of fears, attendance, and information about life decision making. ...

This article reviews Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory as one of the current frameworks in the study of learning and teaching processes. Arguing that learners’ interaction is vital for language learning in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms and that the teacher’s perceptions and expectations can foster or discourage this interaction, the article shows how the sociocultural model of le...