Hosts are typically coinfected by multiple parasite species, resulting in potentially overwhelming levels of complexity. We argue that an individual host can be considered to be an ecosystem in that it is an environment containing a diversity of entities (e.g., parasitic organisms, commensal symbionts, host immune components) that interact with each other, potentially competing for space, energ...

With the introduction of smartphones, cloud & edge computing and mobile Internet, the automotive ecosystem is shifting towards the Internet of Vehicle (IoV). This paper looks at this evolution leading to IoV and identifies related research and engineering challenges including (i) co-existence of cloud, edge computing and data caching strategies at the edge, (ii) integration of data processing a...

Canopies are common among autotrophs, increasing their access to light and thereby increasing competitive abilities. If viewed from above canopies may conceal objects beneath them creating a 'canopy effect'. Due to complexities in collecting 3-dimensional data, most ecosystem monitoring programmes reduce dimensionality when sampling, resorting to planar views. The resultant 'canopy effects' may...

The organizational adage ‘customer is king’ is not new. With a significant number of organizational resources devoted to understanding the ‘king’s’ needs and responding to them, this phrase, in today’s competitive business arena, is an understatement. With the increasing customer touch points and avenues for customers to provide formal/informal feedback, the modern day customer support ecosyste...

this experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of phenolic components of scrophularia striata powder on feed intake, digestion and fermentation, rumination kinetic and rumen ecosystem in lori-bakhtiari sheep. in this experiment, 12 six months old lambs and average weight 30±1.5 kg were fed with 0 (control), 3 and 6 percent scrophularia striata for one month. feed intake, digestibility, rum...

The growing importance of software ecosystems and open innovation requires that companies become more intentional about aligning their internal strategy, architecture and organizing efforts with the ecosystem that the company is part of. Few models exist that facilitate analysis and improvement of this alignment. In this paper, we present the ESAO model and describe its six main components. Org...

Software systems are rarely developed in isolation. The development of current complex software systems often makes extensive use of components previously developed or acquired from external suppliers. Nevertheless, research on software systems has traditionally considered each system as an isolated and self-contained project. Such characteristic limits the quality of observations on studies as...

This technical note is designed to help ecosystem restoration planners and project managers identify the best metrics to evaluate and select the recommended restoration plan, monitor and assess progress toward achieving project objectives, and, if necessary, inform adaptive management decisions. Performance metrics, or measurable system components used to estimate and track the state of critica...

This technical note is designed to help ecosystem restoration planners and project managers identify the best metrics to evaluate and select the recommended restoration plan, monitor and assess progress toward achieving project objectives, and, if necessary, inform adaptive management decisions. Performance metrics, or measurable system components used to estimate and track the state of critica...