the basic models of data envelopment analysis (dea) are designed in such a way that the values of input and output indicators should be identified and known in them. in other words, these models are not used to consider inaccurate, interval, fuzzy, judgment data. in this paper, the aim is to not only review the past researches about the efficiency of the units by interval data and represent the...

Economic activity in different industries is linked to each other through aggregate income (horizontal linkages) and input-output relationships (vertical linkages). Could such linkages give rise to vicious circles of underdevelopment or virtuous circles of development when there are increasing returns to scale at the firm level? We show that vicious or virtuous circles based on demand linkages ...

Doughnut economics (DE) is an economic model that expresses the social and ecological dimensions of nexus designed by Dr. Kate Raworth in 2012. The concept, which based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), intends to rethink our economy for twenty-first century meet demands within a safe environmental ceiling. DE model’s parameters are achieved only through interconnections, but these links...