flowing the uruguay round negotiations (1986-1994), the world trade system has evolved. on the basis of agreements of this round, world trade organization (wto) members have been obligated to decrease tariff obstacles, non-tariff restrains and trade supports. the use of trade liberalizing policies (tariff obstacles and non-tariff restrains) by members and observing countries has had significant...

Fathers figure prominently in a child's postdivorce life whether they are involved or disinterested, but concerns about inadequate child support, noncustodial fathers who fail to visit, and the economic plight of single mothers have together raised policy questions about how better to enfranchise fathers with the rights and responsibilities of parenting and ensure them a continuing and meaningf...

the aim of this study was to use ahp method to rank the obstacles to improving professional ethics in sport media. in the first step, the existing obstacles were identified by review of literature, searching the authentic websites and finally interview with sport media experts. after this step, the hierarchy tree was portrayed to rank the obstacles and then the analytical hierarchy process (ahp...

The editors of the Journal for International Counselor Education have taken the decisive step to make this publication an “Open Access” journal—freely available to all readers with internet access. This article will set the context for choosing open access publishing in the current scholarly communication environment. Numerous factors have changed the face of scholarly publishing, creating an u...

Recognizing the private sector’s efficiency at allocating resources and spurring economic growth, the World Bank Group seeks to identify obstacles to its development. Listening to the problems of active entrepreneurs is an important step toward identifying needed reforms in the enabling environment and support systems for private enterprise. Surveys give greater confidence in the Bank’s conclus...

The connection between poverty and lack of education seems entirely self-evident, yet real progress in overcoming the obstacles to education and economic affluence has eluded governments and social activists worldwide for decade. This document intends to interrogate how can further education and training enhance skills development initiatives in combating poverty in the South African situation....

It seems to be a widely accepted notion that Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME) play an important economic and social role and often contribute to innovation. But at the present situation the development and operation of a service to be used with mobile and wireless terminals (mobile service) is not bearable for most of them due to technical reasons and the market structure. In this artic...

Policymakers have good reasons to favor capital-based policies – such as CAFE standards or feebates programs – over a carbon price. A carbon price minimizes the discounted cost of a climate policy, but may result in existing capital being under-utilized or scrapped before its scheduled lifetime, hurt the workers that depend on it, and inflict an immediate income drop. Capital-based policies avo...

Smart products not only provide novel functionalities, but also may establish new business models, markets, or distribution channels, strengthen relationships with consumers, and/or add smart remote services. While many technical obstacles of such products have already been overcome, the broad market dissemination of smart products still poses some vital managerial challenges for decision maker...

Part II of the Survey examines the question of vulnerability. Some countries feel that their economic fortunes are hostage to the interplay of impersonal market forces. Some are frequent victims of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes. Many others, such as landlocked nations or countries with economies in transition, face more specific obstacles to full engagement in world financia...