BACKGROUND Although adaptation and proper biological functioning require developmental programming, pollutant interference can cause developmental toxicity or DT. OBJECTIVES This commentary assesses whether it is ethical for citizens/physicians/scientists to allow avoidable DT. METHODS Using conceptual, economic, ethical, and logical analysis, the commentary assesses what major ethical theo...

As the Chinese Communist Party prepares for the celebration of the 30th anniversary of the reform and opening policy, China’s state ideology is confronted with challenges from various schools of thought. One of them is the “New Left.” The New Left is characterised by an emphasis on the state power to redress the problems of injustice and other negative effects of privatisation, marketisation an...

The highest ideal of the Western tradition has been the concern to restructure our societies so that they are more socially just. The most important goal for Buddhism is to awaken and (to use the Zen phrase) realize one’s true nature, which puts an end to dukkha—especially that associated with the delusion of a separate self. Today it has become more obvious that we need both: not just because ...

In the two decades following 1980, the United States incarceration rate more than tripled. State officials carrying out stricter criminal justice measures faced increasingly crowded facilities and some turned to private companies to build or run their prisons. Recently, private prisons have become the focus of considerable attention as scandals resulted in major prison closings (e.g., Walnut Gr...

This paper examines the influences of Aristotelian moral economic thought on Marx’s labor theory. This paper looks at certain moral ethical frameworks attributed to Aristotle and later used by Marx in developing his ideas on communism. The similarities between Marx’s labor theory and Aristotle’s ethical theories, including those on human flourishing (eudaimonia), justice and exchange, will be e...

Regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and state authorities like the California Air Resources Board (CARB), have sought to address the concerns of environmental justice (EJ) advocates who argue that chemical-by-chemical and source-specific assessments of potential health risks of environmental hazards do not reflect the multiple environmental and socia...