The evolution of the novel L2 clade of non-long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons and their evolutionary dynamics in Deuterostomia has been examined. The short-term evolution of long interspersed nuclear element 2s (LINE2s) has been studied in 18 reptilian species by analysis of a PCR amplified 0.7-kb fragment encoding the palm/fingers subdomain of reverse transcriptase (RT). Most of the r...

Cigarette butts (CBs) are among the dominant constituents of marine and beach litter. Few studies have been conducted, environmental effects CBs on species still poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate ecotoxicological organisms both classic electronic CBs. Three representative different trophic levels in ecosystems (Aliivibrio fischeri, bacteria; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, algae, primar...

Two species of eumedonine crabs, Eumedonus zebra Alcock, 1895, and Gonatonotus nasutus Chia & Ng, 2000, are recorded from Taiwan, the former for first time. Both also new genera records island. Notes on variation noted their taxonomy briefly treated. The number species, all which obligate symbionts echinoderms, known island is now seven species.