What comes first: the expression or the emotion? If you smile do you become happy, or are you happy so you then smile? Since Charles Darwin first observed “that even the simulation of an emotion tends to arouse it in our mind,” a large body of evidence has supported the facial-feedback hypothesis, which suggests that the emotion follows the expression. Volunteers forced to smile by placing a pe...

introduction: submucoperichondrial injection of botulinum neurotoxin a (bta) in the nasal septum is a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of persistent allergic rhinitis (ar) and non-allergic rhinitis, and is safer and more effective than intraturbinate injection in reducing clinical symptoms.   materials and methods: forty patients diagnosed with persistent ar or non-allergic rhiniti...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the short-term clinical effects of the intra-articular injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis. METHODS A prospective, controlled trial compared the effects of intra-articular BoNT-A (Dysport; 200 IU, n=15) with the steroid triamcinolone acetate (TA; 20 mg, n=13) in patients suffering from adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder....

OBJECTIVES This randomised controlled crossover trial examined the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection, plus an exercise programme, to remediate chronic anterior knee pain (AKP) associated with quadriceps muscle imbalance. METHODS 24 individuals with refractory AKP received either BoNT-A (500 U Dysport) or the same volume saline injection to the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle ...