Current acellular pertussis vaccines have various shortcomings, which may contribute to their suboptimal efficacy and waning immunity in vaccinated populations. This calls for the development of new pertussis vaccines capable of inducing long-lived protective immunity. Immunization with whole cell pertussis vaccines and natural infection with Bordetella pertussis induce distinct and more protec...

The ants and termites have renounced the 'Hobbesian war,' and they are the better for it. Their wonderful nests, their buildings, superior in size relative to man; their paved roads and overground vaulted galleries; their spacious halls and granaries; their cornfields, harvesting and 'malting' grain; their rational method of nursing eggs and larvae, and of building special nests for rearing aph...

introduction thermal infrared integrated dust index (tiidi) is one of indices that is presented in this direction. the index operates based on four brightness temperature difference including wavelengths 3.7, 8.6, 11 and 12 micrometer. according to the studies, btd (bt12-bt11) is used for cloud detection. btd (bt8.6-bt11) is the index for separation for dust from sandy surface and btd (bt3.7-bt...

Daily average PM(10) (particulate matter which passes through a size selective impactor inlet with a 50% efficiency cut-off at 10 microm aerodynamic diameter), TSP (total suspended particulate matter) and their chemical species mass concentrations were measured at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kolkata during November 2003-November 2004. Source apportionment using chemic...

Pothole formation and development may be influenced by joint sets and other heterogeneities within bedrock, as well as by hydraulics. Previous research indicates that most potholes found in rivers of the mountainous Spanish Central System exhibit preferred orientations associated with dominant joints and correlate more strongly with variations in substrate resistance than with hydraulics. Weath...

Ambient measurements suggest that source inventories of PM10 from geologic sources are overestimated by 50 percent or more. This discrepancy may be due to inaccurate emission calculations and/or due to the rapid deposition of PM10 after entrainment into the atmosphere. A two-wavelength scanning backscatter lidar was used to investigate PM10 deposition rates from artificially generated fugitive ...

Abstract Assessing the spatiotemporal behaviour of alien species is pivotal to designing effective management plans. Interspecific niche partitioning among ungulates reported as a strategy avoid direct interactions. The Mediterranean mouflon and wild boar are two introduced Elba island for hunting aesthetic purposes. We used intensive camera trapping test whether occupancy temporal activity rhy...

hook-tools (Hunt 1996). In many cases only a single instance of the putative intelligent behavior has been observed (e.g. Montevecchi 1978, Andersson 1989). One behavior, the use of automobiles to crack open nuts, has been cited repeatedly as an example of corvid resourcefulness and adaptability (e.g. Beck 1980:127, Hunt 1996). There are only two original reports of this behavior in the literat...

Because of increasing global urbanization and its immediate consequences, including changes in patterns of food demand, circulation and land use, the next century will witness a major increase in the extent of paved roads built worldwide. To model the effects of this increase, it is crucial to understand whether possible self-organized patterns are inherent in the global road network structure....