To enable what would otherwise be impractical, invasive and potentially dangerous testing, and to remove the huge variation and costs associated with human subjects, it is common practice to test inhalation devices and formulations using in vitro test apparatus. Industry standard test conditions and relevant parameters have been devised and published by the regulatory authorities and within the...

Dry eye disease (DED) is a clinically significant multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface and tear film as it results in ocular discomfort and visual impairment and predisposes the cornea to infections. It is important for the quality of life and tends to be a chronic disease. It is also common, as the prevalence is estimated between 5 % to 30 % and this increases with age. Therefore, it ...

Dry matter intake (DMI) is fundamentally important in nutrition because it establishes the amount of nutrients available to an animal for health and production. Actual or accurately estimated DMI is important for the formulation of diets to prevent underfeeding or overfeeding of nutrients and to promote efficient nutrient use. Underfeeding of nutrients restricts production and can affect the he...

Our life is completely dependent on a reliable and adequate supply of energy. In other to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the use of animal dung in producing a renewable alternative source of energy has been proved using cow dung. This work is aimed at produced and refined bio gas from animal dung by reduces the H2S and CO2 content of bio gas in other to improved the quality of the bio gas t...

Our understanding of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), also known as dry eye syndrome, has been changed over recent years. Until lately, the condition was thought to be merely due to aqueous tear insufficiency. Today, it is understood that KCS is a multifactorial disorder due to inflammation of the ocular surface and lacrimal gland, neurotrophic deficiency and meibomian gland dysfunction. This ...

A RTHROSCOPY AFFORDS SURGEONS the ability to evaluate and treat intra-articular pathology in a direct, minimally invasive manner. Wrist arthroscopy has transformed the way physicians approach wrist disorders. The equipment and principles used are based on the techniques of large joint arthroscopy. Using fluid for articular distention and visualization has traditionally been thought of as an ess...

Patient biopotentials are usually measured with conventional disposable Ag/AgCl electrodes. These electrodes provide excellent signal quality but are irritating for long-term use. Skin preparation is usually required prior to the application of electrodes such as shaving and cleansing with alcohol. To overcome these difficulties, researchers and caregivers seek alternative electrodes that would...

A drug product combines pharmacologic activity with pharmaceutical properties. Desirable performance characteristics are physical and chemical stability, ease of processing, accurate and reproducible delivery to the target organ, and availability at the site of action. For the dry powder inhaler (DPI), these goals can be met with a suitable powder formulation, an efficient metering system, and ...