Background: Many radioactive compounds may be released into the environment and hence into the drinking water supplies due to the human activities. Radionuclides can also enter the food chain if the contaminated water is used for drinking or irrigation purposes. Objective: To estimate the annual effective dose of natural radioactive materials like 226Ra and 40K in drinking water of wells in Zan...

Background and Objective: Studies have shown that the presence of standard amount of fluoride in drinking water can prevent tooth decay. Meanwhile, higher concentration than permitted amount in drinking water causes bone disease and dental fluorosis. Given the importance of fluoride in drinking water and also GIS ability in spatial analysis of various factors in the groundwater, in this study t...

Introduction: Water is vital for life. Its inadequate quality causes significant effects on the health condition of the individuals and society. Groundwater is one of the sources of Nitrate that level over standard limits may lead to several health problems such as hemoglobin metabolism and the formation of nitro amino compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study is determining ...

Two criteria of alcoholic drinking behavior--inelasticity of demand and dissociation of intake from normal eating and drinking--are illustrated by study of alcohol-preferring C57BL/6J mice. Although these mice drink enough to become intoxicated for brief periods each night, they do not meet the more rigorous criteria for pharmacologically motivated drinking. Their intake of alcohol was dramatic...

experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 to study the effects of different levels of potassium and irrigation intervals on yield and water use efficiency of two genotypes of sugar beet (a37.1 and 12681) in khorasan agricultural research center (torogh, iran). potassium levels were; no potassium application, increasing potassium to 5% of soil cation exchange capacity (cec) and second treatmen...

fluoride is one of the most important elements in the composition of teeth and bones. this element can enter the body via different ways. however, drinking water is the most important way to receive fluoride by a lot of people. an increase in fluoride level in the body causes dental fluorosis and its absence leads to teeth decay. standard rate of fluoride in drinking water is determined by the ...

Background: Radon is one of the most important radioactive elements which is released by natural decay of available uranium and radium in the ground. The presence of radon gas is common, wherever those faults are located there. Radon concentration of various drinking water resources of Bam villages; located near Bam fault; was measured. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was cond...

We describe the structure and present situation of the Chinese healthcare system and discuss its primary problems and challenges. We discuss problems with inefficient burden sharing, adverse provider incentives and huge inequities, and seek explanations in the structural features of the Chinese healthcare system. The current situation will be further challenged in the future by an aging populat...