Pakistani doctors (MBBS) are emigrating towards developed countries for professional adjustments. This study aims to highlight causes and consequences of doctors’ brain drain from Pakistan. Primary data was collected from Mayo Hospital, Lahore by interviewing doctors (n=100) through systematic random sampling technique. It found that various socio-economic and political conditions are working a...

OBJECTIVE The study estimates the economic costs of early vulnerability in the light of population-level data showing that between 25% and 30% of Canadian children do not arrive at kindergarten meeting all of the developmental benchmarks they need to thrive both now and into the future. METHODS The study examines Early Development Instrument (EDI) data across Canada as of 2008/09, and across ...

The international mobility of healthcare professionals is a well-documented phenomenon that has dynamic effects on global healthcare, labor markets, and the world economy. One aspect of this phenomenon—the movement of international medical graduates (IMGs) to the United States for residency training is often criticized because of the “brain drain” from their home countries. We propose a differe...

Background Chest tubes are used in every case of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to evacuate shed blood from around the heart and lungs. This study was designed to assess the effective of Jackson-Pratt drain in compare with conventional chest drains after CABG. Materials and Methods This was a randomized controlled trial that conducted on 218 patients in Chamran hospital from February ...

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Few reports have validated the clinical postoperative pancreatic fistula (PF) after distal pancreatectomy. The study intended to validate the predictability for clinical PF of drain amylase and lipase and to find out more appropriate postoperative day (POD) for diagnostic criterion of PF. METHODS A total of 154 patients underwent distal pancreatectomy. We used the clinical da...

This randomized prospective study investigated the effect of fibrin glue use on drainage duration and overall drain output after lumpectomy and axillary dissection in breast cancer patients. A total of 100 patients undergoing breast lumpectomy and axillary dissection were randomized to a fibrin glue group (N=50; glue sprayed onto the axillary dissection site) or a control group (N=50). Outcome ...

Resumen—In this paper we propose a new metric, the drain rate, to forecast the lifetime of nodes according to current traffic conditions. This metric is combined with the value of the remaining battery capacity to determine which nodes can be part of an active route. We describe new route selection mechanisms for MANET routing protocols, which we call the Minimum Drain Rate (MDR) and the Condit...