Human prosociality is one of the defining characteristics of our species, yet the ontogeny of altruistic behavior remains poorly understood. The evolution of widespread food sharing in humans helped shape cooperation, family formation, life history, language, and the development of economies of scale. While the behavioral and ecological correlates of food sharing among adults are widely studied...

In modern computer systems, long-running jobs are divided into a large number of short tasks and executed in parallel. As the system size and complexity scales up, the task service times become highly random and the job service time is constrained by the slowest straggling tasks. An efficient solution is to replicate a task on multiple servers and wait for one task copy to finish early. However...

It is universally accepted that the philosophy of Tao essence animates Chinese Cosmogony. Therefore, in last decades I have tried to consolidate its scientific background, looking for solid explanations through Exact Sciences (“Between Heaven and Earth” Scientific Basis Action Shao Yin: Lightning’s Physical-Mathematical Analysis”; “Is Traditional Medicine Definitely an Science?”; “Euclidean Geo...

Research in anthropology has shown that kin terminologies have a complex combinatorial structure and vary systematically across cultures. This article argues that universals and variation in kin terminology result from the interaction of (1) an innate conceptual structure of kinship, homologous with conceptual structure in other domains, and (2) principles of optimal, "grammatical" communicatio...

KIN-8 in C. elegans is highly homologous to human ROR-1 and 2 receptor tyrosine kinases of unknown functions. These kinases belong to a new subfamily related to the Trk subfamily. A kin-8 promoter::gfp fusion gene was expressed in ASI and many other neurons as well as in pharyngeal and head muscles. A kin-8 deletion mutant was isolated and showed constitutive dauer larva formation (Daf-c) pheno...

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and let $M$ be an $R$-module. A proper submodule $P$ of $M$ is called strongly prime submodule if $(P + Rx : M)ysubseteq P$ for $x, yin M$, implies that $xin P$ or $yin P$. In this paper, we study more properties of strongly prime submodules. It is shown that a finitely generated $R$-module $M$ is Artinian if and only if $M$ is Noetherian and every st...

BACKGROUND The Yo/Yin concept is fundamental to making a Kampo (sho) diagnosis and may be deeply related to the autonomic nervous system. There is, however, little objective data to confirm the validity of these concepts. METHODS AND RESULTS After diagnosis using standardized Kampo techniques, 20 men and 67 women (mean age, 52.4 years) for whom the prescribed Kampo medication was effective we...