In the 2012 election for the US House of Representatives, only four of North Carolina’s thirteen congressional districts elected a democrat, despite a majority democratic vote. This raises the question of whether gerrymandering, the process of drawing districts to favor a political party, was employed. This study explores election outcomes under different choices of district boundaries. We repr...

The 11 original regions for organ allocation in the United States were determined by proximity between hospitals that provided deceased donors and transplant programs. As liver transplants became more successful and demand rose, livers became a scarce resource. A national system has been implemented to prioritize liver allocation according to disease severity, but the system still operates with...

In any consti tuency partitioned into two discrete and mutually exhaustive groups, the difference be tween a group's share of the eligible electorate and its share of the total population will depend, on the one hand, on the differences in the age structure and eligibility rates of the two groups and, on the other hand, it will also depend upon the relative population sizes of the two groups. W...

Territory-based routing approaches (TBRAs) are commonly used to achieve high service consistency, e.g., in the small package shipping industry, but their drawback is a decline in routing flexibility. Consequently, a high percentage of time-definite deliveries, as common in the small package shipping sector, should have a significant negative effect on the solution quality of TBRAs. To the best ...

There has been considerable interest in the development of analysis techniques for Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This includes such normative spatial models as vehicle routing models, districting and turfing models for dividing up land into territories for schools, sales/service, and voting, and location models for identifying sites or patterns of sites to provide service accessibilit...

The article deals with the features of innovative projects launch energy saving on enterprises Ukraine, necessity research essence and specific introduction such is substantiated concerning energy-savings enterprises, their place in system economic relations examined. Foreign experience market energy-saving investigated, that one basic component elements effective competition which beneficial a...

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Territory design problems appear in many real-world cases from diverse fields such as political districting or sales and service territory design. The problem consists of grouping small geographic areas into larger geographic clusters called territories in such a way that the latter are acceptable according to relevant planning criteria. This paper addresses a case of the territory design probl...

A measure of shape compactness is a numerical quantity representing the degree to which a shape is compact. Ways to provide an accurate measure have been given great attention due to its application in a broad range of GIS problems, such as detecting clustering patterns from remote sensing images, understanding urban sprawl, and redrawing electoral districts to avoid gerrymandering. In this pap...