INTRODUCTION The exact force systems as well as their progressions generated by removable thermoplastic appliances have not been investigated. Thus, the purposes of this experimental study were to quantify the forces and moments delivered by a single aligner and a series of aligners (Invisalign; Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) and to investigate the influence of attachments and power ridg...

C II malocclusion, which affects approximately one-third of patients seeking orthodontic treatment, often reflects both dental and skeletal deviations from the norm.1-3 Because it frequently involves excessive overjet,4 it is easily recognized by lay persons, leading to its overrepresentation in orthodontic practices. According to the National Health and Nutrition Estimates Survey III, in which...

There has been increase in the treatment modalities for non-surgical Class II malocclusion. This resulted orthodontists becoming more vigilant with extraction plans and exploring possible non-extraction approaches. Maxillary molar distalization is one such method. The maxillary distalized to create space helps solving malocclusionMany appliance were used of molars over period time. Both intra-o...