The vertebrate limb is one of the most relevant experimental models in which to analyse cell-cell signalling during patterning of embryonic fields and organogenesis. Recently, the combination of molecular and genetic studies with experimental manipulation of developing limb buds has significantly advanced our understanding of the complex molecular interactions coordinating limb bud outgrowth an...

buerger's disease or thromboangiitis obliterans (tao) seems to be common in ir iran, the present study aimed to evaluate an iranian population with buerger's disease in order to suggest a diagnostic criterion for buerger's disease based on the most frequent findings and to compare it with papa diagnostic criteria. in a cross-sectional study, all patients with resting limb pain, limb ischemic ul...

conclusions closed reduction and hybrid external fixation can be used as a definitive treatment for severe comminuted fractures of the distal femur and proximal tibia, when the concomitant contusion of the skin and soft tissue damage prohibits safe open reduction and internal fixation. patients and methods in a prospective study, 44 patients with comminuted fractures of the distal femur or prox...

25 Local field potentials (LFPs) in primary motor cortex include significant information 26 about reach target location and upper limb movement kinematics. Some evidence suggests that 27 they may be a more robust, longer-lasting signal than action potentials (spikes). Here we assess 28 whether LFPs can also be used to decode upper limb muscle activity, a complex movement29 related signal. We re...

Stoma prolapse is a common complication of intestinal stoma. Although various surgical methods yield satisfactory results, nonsurgical treatment may be better for a temporary stoma. We report a case of a patient with a distal limb prolapse of a right transverse colostomy who received nonsurgical treatment with satisfactory results. For the treatment of a temporary transverse loop colostomy with...

Although numerous molecules required for limb bud formation have recently been identified, the molecular pathways that initiate this process and ensure that limb formation occurs at specific axial positions have yet to be fully elucidated. Based on experiments in the chick, Fgf8 expression in the intermediate mesoderm (IM) has been proposed to play a critical role in the initiation of limb bud ...

The insect antenna and leg are considered homologous structures, likely to have arisen via duplication and divergence from an ancestral limb. Consistent with this, the antenna and leg are derived from primordia with similar developmental potentials. Nonetheless, the adult structures differ in both form and function. In Drosophila, one conspicuous morphological difference is that the antenna has...

Pseudoaneurysms of the popliteal artery are a rare clinical entity, accounting for <4% of all popliteal aneurysms. Accurate diagnosis and effective intervention is required to prevent potentially limb-threatening complications. We present the case of a 37-year-old man with acute limb ischaemia due to distal calf vessel thrombosis secondary to a popliteal pseudoaneurysm that was managed with cov...

The most obvious phenotype of Ft/+ mice is a syndactyly of fore limbs characterised by a fusion of the tips of digits 1 to 4. The tempospatial expression of genes involved in limb development revealed that patterning of Ft/+ limb buds is not affected by the mutation. However, an upregulation of Bmp4 in the anterior-distal region of the limb bud at d12.0 of embryonic development is accompanied b...

A second exploratory laparotomy in our unit revealed duplication of entire colon up to the lower rectum. The terminal ileum was seen to enter the normal large bowel and the three parallel appendices were attached to the duplication, which was on the anterior side. We found that the duplication did not communicate with the normal bowel at the distal end by injecting saline into its distal end wh...