Background. Dirofilariasis is a vector-borne helminthiasis that tends to expand spatial boundaries in areas with temperate and cold climates. In the Voronezh oblast, located Central Black Earth Region of Russian Federation there were previously isolated reports cases dirofilariasis humans dogs, but this issue was not specifically studied. Aims . To determine degree infection dogs Dirofilaria im...

The zoonotic parasite Dirofilaria repens has spread toward north in Europe, and cases of autochthonous dirofilariosis caused by D. have emerged the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. We conducted a review on emergence humans domestic dogs these three northeastern Europe. Based available literature reports, first finding was made Latvia 2008, followed Lithuania 2010, Estonia 2012. In a...

Dirofilariosis, caused by Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens, is spreading in several geographic regions. The development of infective larvae in the mosquito vector (extrinsic incubation) needs an accumulated total of 130 degree-days above the 14 °C threshold, normally expressed as heartworm development units (HDUs). Based on this information, temperature- based models have been developed and ap...

Traditional vaccines use inactivated or weakened forms of pathogens which could have side effects and inadequate immune responses. To overcome these challenges, phage display has emerged as a valuable tool for identifying specific epitopes that be used in vaccines. This review emphasizes the direct connection between epitope identification vaccine development, filling crucial gap field. techniq...