We show that in modified Faddeev-Jackiw formalism, first and second class constraints appear at each level, and the whole constraint structure is in exact correspondence with level by level method of Dirac formalism. e-mail: [email protected] e-mail:[email protected] The standard method for analysis of the constrained systems is known to be the Dirac formalism [1]. Faddeev and Jac...

We report the direct measurement of the Dirac point, the Fermi level, and the work function of graphene by performing internal photoemission measurements on a graphene/SiO(2)/Si structure with a unique optical-cavity enhanced test structure. A complete electronic band alignment at the graphene/SiO(2)/Si interfaces is accurately established. The observation of enhanced photoemission from a one-a...

Charge carriers in bilayer graphene are widely believed to be massive Dirac fermions that have a bandgap tunable by a transverse electric field. However, a full transport gap, despite its importance for device applications, has not been clearly observed in gated bilayer graphene, a long-standing puzzle. Moreover, the low-energy electronic structure of bilayer graphene is widely held to be unsta...

Part I of this paper introduced the notion of implicit Lagrangian systems and their geometric structure was explored in the context of Dirac structures. In this part, we develop the variational structure of implicit Lagrangian systems. Specifically, we show that the implicit Euler-Lagrange equations can be formulated using an extended variational principle of Hamilton called the Hamilton-Pontry...

611 Electrons propagating through the bidimensional structure of graphene have a linear relation between energy and momentum, and thus behave as massless Dirac fermions1–3. Consequently, graphene exhibits electronic properties for a two-dimensional (2D) gas of charged particles described by the relativistic Dirac equation, rather than the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation with an eff ective...

Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. In the recently discovered topological crystalline insulators SnTe and Pb 1−x Sn x (Te, Se), crystal symmetry and e...

We use high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and electronic structure calculations to study the electronic properties of rare-earth monoantimonides RSb (R = Y, Ce, Gd, Dy, Ho, Tm, Lu). The experimentally measured Fermi surface (FS) of RSb consists of at least two concentric hole pockets at the Γ point and two intersecting electron pockets at the X point. These data a...