There is a need for treatment options in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease to achieve glucose targets without risk of hypoglycemia. This article describes management options for these patients using glucose-lowering therapies, in particular dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.

The global high prevalence of diabetes mellitus has resulted into the development several oral hypoglycemic agents. However, these drugs have limited efficacy and harmful side effects, which call for search alternatives from natural sources. inhibition dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity increases level glucagon-like peptide-1 glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, in turn reduces hy...

OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors compared with metformin as monotherapy, or with other commonly used hypoglycaemic drugs combined with metformin, in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. DATA SOURCES Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, conference proceedings...

This article is a brief review of the current non-insulin agents for diabetes mellitus in the United States, namely, sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, glucacon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, amylin agonists, bromocriptine, and colesevelam.

Cite this article: Reinhold D, Kähne T, Brocke S (2016) Competitive Antagonists of Adenosine Deaminase versus Enzymatic Inhibitors: Complementary Approaches Targeting Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DP IV) and their Relation to MERS-CoV Infection. Ann Clin Cytol Pathol 2(3): 1028. *Corresponding author Stefan Brocke, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 0603...

An association between remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome and insulin or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitor therapy were previously reported. We encountered four cases of RS3PE syndrome with type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) without insulin or DPP4 inhibitor medication.

A dysregulated immune response characterized by the hyperproduction of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (a.k.a. ‘cytokine storm’) plays a central role in pathophysiology severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this Perspective article we discuss evidence for synergistic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties exerted vitamin D ...