The HER-2/neu oncogene (c-erbB-2) is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and encodes a 185-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity (Schechter et al., 1984; Akiyama et al., 1986). HER-2/neu is mapped to the long arm of chromosome 17 (17q21) (Muleris et al., 1997) and its protein product is involved in signal transduction (Yarden, 2001; Marmor et al., 2004...

Controversial views have been expressed about whether tarantula feet can secrete fine silk threads that could prevent them from falling off smooth vertical surfaces. Two studies have claimed that 'ribbed hairs' on the tarsi of tarantulas produce silk. We examined these ribbed hairs in several tarantula species using light and scanning electron microscopy, and compared them with the silk-produci...

A catadioptric vision system using diverse mirrors has been a popular means to get panoramic images(K.Nayar, 1997) which contains a full horizontal field of view (FOV). This wide view is ideal for three-dimensional vision tasks such as motion estimation, localization, obstacle detection and mobile robots navigation. Omnidirectional stereo is a suitable sensing method for such tasks because it c...

A spatially two-dimensional epidemic model is formulated by a reaction-diffusion system. The spatial pattern formation is driven by a cross-diffusion corresponding to a non-diagonal, uppertriangular diffusion matrix. Whereas the reaction terms describe the local dynamics of susceptible and infected species, the diffusion terms account for the spatial distribution dynamics. For both self-diffusi...

Traditional robots [Siegwart, 2004] rely for their function on computing to store internal representations of their goals and environment and to coordinate sensing and any actuating of components required in response. Moving robotics to the single-molecule level is possible in principle, but faces the limited ability of individual molecules to store complex information and programs. One strateg...

Eukaryotic cells discharge secretory products by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, a process that is often regulated. In neurons and endocrine cells, exocytosis uses intracellular Ca as the final trigger and can be enhanced in different ways by protein kinases. Thus, in pituitary gonadotropes, protein kinase C (PKC) increases the Ca sensitivity of exocytosis (Zhu et al., 20...

Most primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are derived from glial cells and collectively referred to as gliomas. Malignant gliomas exhibit a high rate of cell motility and migration that contributes to the invasiveness of the tumors (Amberger et al. 1998, Griscelli et al. 2000, DeAngelis 2001, Bello et al. 2004). Thus, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms which regulate glioma ce...

how to cite this article: inaloo s, haghbin s. multiple sclerosis in children. iran j child neurol. 2013 spring;7(2):1-10.   multiple sclerosis (ms) is the most important immune-mediated demyelinated disease of human which is typically the disease of young adults. a total of 4% to 5% of ms population are pediatric. pediatric ms is defined as the appearance of ms before the age of sixteen. about...

Neural stem cells (NSCs) critical for the continued production of new neurons and glia are sequestered in distinct areas of the brain called stem cell niches. Until recently, only two forebrain sites, the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the anterolateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus, have been recognized adult stem cell niches (Alvarez-Buylla and Lim, 2004; Doetsch e...

We investigate three-dimensional cylinder wakes of incompressible fully developed flows at Re = 300, resulting from control induced by tangential motions of the cylinder surface. The motion of the cylinder surface, in two dimensions, is optimized using evolution strategies, resulting in significant drag reduction and drastic modification of the wake as compared to the uncontrolled flow. The qua...