[1] Lavas from the early episodes of the Pu`u `Ō`ō eruption (1983–1985) of Kı̄lauea Volcano on the island of Hawai^i display rapid compositional variation over short periods for some episodes, especially the well-sampled episode 30 with 2 wt% MgO variation in <4 hours. Little chemical variation is observed within the episode 30 lavas before or after this abrupt change, suggesting a sharp composi...

The Objective of this study is to estimate the form drag due to vegetated weirlike obstacles. Head loss due to submerged vegetated dikes and groins has been modeled by expansion loss form drag model (Energy and momentum balance principles) and it has been compared with experimental data. An experimental study has been carried out on a scaled physical model in the Laboratory of Environmental Flu...

[1] The uppermost 2 km of oceanic crust created near the southern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge ( 60 mm/yr, full spreading rate) is exposed in a ‘‘tectonic window’’ created along the north wall of the Blanco Transform Fault. A total of 27 submersible dives transect this escarpment over a distance of >30 km, corresponding to 1 m.y. of spreading history. In this exposure, weakly deformed basaltic...

Leaks refer to seepage holes running through a dike body or foundation, the formation of which may pose dire threats safety and cause breaching due large flow rate strong scouring force. Once water inlet leak is detected, sealing rescue measures should be taken in accordance with principle “inlet plugging outlet anti-filtration”. The key quick filling stability materials. Herein, technology lea...

Abstract Recent observations and geophysical studies at the Vredefort impact structure have indicated that melt dikes in central uplift of small depth extents. In this study, we performed magnetic electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys Lesutoskraal granophyre dike (LGD) trenched to confirm its extent. The ERT survey showed outcrops LGD are associated with shallow resistive zones &lt;3 ...