A novel branchial epithelial preparation grown in L-15 medium in culture was used as a model system for understanding the diffusion of ammonia across the gills of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The epithelium is known to contain both respiratory and mitochondria-rich cells in the approximate proportion in which they occur in vivo and to exhibit diffusive fluxes of Na+ and Cl- similar to...

Finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects on non-diffusive transport in a prototypical zonal flow with drift waves are studied in the context of a simplified chaotic transport model. The model consists of a superposition of drift waves of the linearized Hasegawa-Mima equation and a zonal shear flow perpendicular to the density gradient. High frequency FLR effects are incorporated by gyroaveraging the ...

In this paper a numerical investigation on the double diffusive natural convection in finned solar still is performed using finite volume method. The 3D vector potential-vorticity formalism used to eliminate gradient pressure terms and due complex shape of cavity blocked-off-region method adopted. After getting dimensionless governing equations, they are written generalised form then discretise...

The factors that determine the axial orientation and phenotypes of skin appendages were analyzed by studying the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on embryonic chicken skin explant cultures. With RA uniformly distributed in the culture media, the feather buds became smaller, were disoriented or were transformed into scale-like structures in a concentration-dependent manner (from 0.05-2.5 microM). Wi...

Observations and measurements are reported on the patterns and rates of growth in time of the double-diffusive cells that form adjacent to a cooled sidewall in a saltstratified environment. Fluid near the wall is cooled and sinks a distance h where its density, increased by cooling, matches that of the salt-stratified ambient. The fluid separates from the wall, moving outwards as a cool, freshe...

Delivery to organs and tissues The mechanisms controlling oxygen distribution are incompletely understood but involve a series of convective and diffusive processes. Convective oxygen transport refers to the bulk movement of oxygen in air or blood and depends on active, energy consuming processes generating flow in the tracheobronchial tree and circulation. Diffusive transport refers to the pas...

Double diffusion refers to a variety of turbulent processes in which potential energy is released into kinetic energy, made possible the ocean by difference molecular diffusivities between salinity and temperature. Here, we present new method for estimating dissipation rates forced double-diffusive convection using temperature data alone. The estimates up-gradient diapycnal buoyancy flux associ...

4 Observations suggest that the timeand zonal-mean state of the extra-tropical atmosphere 5 adjusts itself such that the so-called “criticality parameter” (which relates the vertical strat6 ification to the horizontal temperature gradient) is close to one. Schneider has argued that 7 the criticality parameter is kept near one by a constraint on the zonal momentum budget in 8 primitive equations...