at the pre-test stage, one of the important stages in language testing, items of the test are given to some language learners who are at same level as the target test takers, and through the statistical analysis of their responses, the information such as item facility and item discrimination are gained. also, unreliable and problematic items are distinguished and amended. this research tries t...

One of challenges artificial intelligence as a whole is robustness. Many issues such adversarial examples, out distribution performance, Clever Hans phenomena, and the wider areas AI evaluation explainable AI, have to do with following question: Did system fail because it hard instance or something else? In this paper we address question generic method for estimating IRT-based difficulty wide r...

The ability to predict the surgical difficulty of lower third molar extraction facilitates the design of treatment plans by minimizing complications and improving the preparation of patients and assistants in terms of the postoperative management of inflammation and pain. The aims of this study were to evaluate the value of panoramic radiographs in predicting lower third molar extraction diffic...

as we know, at the course of history of thought the definition of religion has been always a significant dilemma and each thinker or philosopher of religion had inclination to present an accurate definition of religion. in spite of these attempts, there has been no consentaneous definition of religion up to now. difficulty of the definition of religion has several reasons that in this article s...

Task difficulty across different macro-genres continues to remain among less attended areas in second language development studies. This study examined the correlation between task difficulty across the descriptive, narrative, argumentative, and expository macro-genres. The three components of task difficulty (i.e., code complexity, cognitive complexity, and communicative stress) were also comp...