Introduction: Megavoltage X-ray beams are used to treat cervix cancer due to their skin-sparing effect. Preferably, the radiation surface doses should be negligible; however, it increases due to electron contamination produced by various field parameters. Therefore, it is essential to provide proper knowledge about the effect of different field parameters on radiation doses. This study sought t...

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to estimate the secondary cancer risk of thyroid for standard radiotherapy methods which are commonly used for breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four breast cancer patients (their age range was around 50 years old) who referred to Seyed- Al- Shohada hospital (Isfahan, Iran) were included in this ...

The existence of large-scale magnetic fields in galaxies is well established, but there is no accepted mechanism for generating a primordial field which could grow into what is observed today. We discuss a model which attempts to account for the necessary primordial field by invoking a pseudo-Goldstone boson coupled to electromagnetism. The evolution of this boson during inflation generates a m...

Coherent radiation emitted from a compressed electron bunch as it traverses the sharp edge regions of a magnetic chicane has been investigated at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Accelerator Test Facility. Electron beam measurements using coherent transition radiation interferometry indicate a 100 fs rms bunch accompanied by distinct distortions in energy spectrum due to strong self-fields. T...

We study the gravitational properties of a global monopole in (D = d + 2) dimensional space-time in presence of electromagnetic field.

In this paper we reveal the presence of photonic one-way helical surface states in a simple natural system- magnetized plasma. The application of an external magnetic field to a bulk plasma body not only breaks time-reversal-symmetry but also leads to separation of Equi-Frequency Contour surfaces (EFCs) to form topologically nontrivial gaps in k space. Interestingly, these EFCs support topologi...

We give a brief (and highly incomplete) overview of the current experimental and theoretical status of high energy cosmic rays and their secondary γ−rays and neutrinos. We focus on the role of large scale magnetic fields and on multi-messenger aspects linking these three channels. We also recall that the flavor composition of neutrino fluxes from astrophysical sources contains information on bo...

background: although ionizing radiation is very important in diagnostic and treatment of many diseases, the hazards of this radiation are considerable and irrefutable. one of the main stages in radiation protection is knowledge about radiation dose in radiological investigation. the aim of this study was to determine the physicians' knowledge in radiological examinations. materials and methods:...

Electromagnetic radiation incident upon a perfect mirror induces a current density on the surface of the conducting material of the mirror. It is shown that this surface current density can be expressed directly in terms of the source current density, which generates the incident field, without evaluating the electric and magnetic fields first.