Fiscal policy is a policy that tries to achieve certain economic goals through instruments such as changes in government expenditure and taxation. The financial policy uses two instruments of government revenue (tax) and government spending (spending) to influence the economy. And in the economic literature, they consider economic growth to be equal to GDP. The impact of financial policies on e...

establishment of hospital accreditation programs is increasingly growing across numerous developing nations. such initiatives aim to improve quality of care. however, such establishments, mainly incentivized by successful and famous accreditation plans in developed countries, usually suffer from lack of necessary arrangements which, in turn, result in undesired consequences. indeed, the first p...

Informal economics is a field of study which applies to every state in the world. The dynamics of this “shadow” economy infiltrate the entirety of markets, affecting governments, citizens, producers, and consumers. As a result of this deep infiltration, a significant amount of resources have been committed to unraveling the mysteries of the informal economy. Over the course of the last two deca...

For over 35 years Ronald Labonté has been critically analyzing the state of health promotion in Canada and the world. In 1981, he identified the shortcomings of the groundbreaking Lalonde Report by warning of the seductive appeal of so-called lifestyle approaches to health. Since then, he has left a trail of critical work identifying the barriers to — and opportunities for —health promotion wor...

Over half of the world’s population lives in cities and United Nations (UN) demographers project an increase of 2.5 billion more urban dwellers by 2050. Yet there is too little systematic comparative research on the practice of urban health policy and management (HPAM), particularly in the megacities of middle-income and developing nations. We make a case for creating a global database on citie...

he interpretation and cultural nuances behind the concept of leadership are not only questionable but are subject to different meanings to different people. Yet, within the organisational context, there are specific boundaries that must be adhered to in order to inculcate certain values. Leadership at a political level is not excluded from democratically instated norms. The failure to maintain ...

The appeal to wealthy nations came a day after the Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs delivered a report to the United Nations secretary general, Kofi Annan, entitled Investing in Development, about how to salvage efforts to achieve the millennium development goals. Interim reports published in September showed that the world will fall far short of most of the goals to reduce poverty and improve h...

This paper discusses a dispute concerning the ethics of research on preventing the perinatal transmission of HIV in developing nations. Critics of this research argue that it is unethical because it denies a proven treatment to placebo-control groups. Since studies conducted in developed nations would not deny this treatment to subjects, the critics maintain that these experiments manifest a do...

Biomedical research budgets are frozen or falling in developed countries. Can expansion in developing nations continue as economic contagion spreads?

People living in rural areas in developing nations have limited access to quality healthcare. According to a recent United Nations report, most developing nations will not reach their millennium development goals related to maternal and child care. Lack of infrastructure creates a challenge in deploying information and communication technologies (ICT) to extend the reach of healthcare to rural ...