For most people living in developing countries “health insurance” is unknown. It is generally assumed that, with the exception of the upper classes, people cannot afford such type of social protection. Poor people need protection against the financial consequences of illness. For most people living in developing countries illness still represents a permanent threat to their income earning capac...

This paper develops a numerical endogenous growth model approximating an infinite horizon which allows us to investigate the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth. Although economic theory generally implies that trade liberalization will enhance economic growth, and these phenomena are positively correlated in empirical tests, the connection is not well substantiated in ...

We use detailed trade, tariff, and income data for countries involved in 91 trade agreements negotiated since 1980 to test for reciprocity in free trade agreements. The results offer strong evidence of reciprocity in North-North and South-South free trade agreements, but there is little empirical support for reciprocity in North-South trade agreements. In particular, after controlling for other...

Introduction: Millions of children less than 5 years old die from pneumonia globally and about 75-70% of these deaths occur in infants. Persian and English articles of International and National databases such as “WHO, Scopus and the Cochrane, Pub Med, Science Direct, Wiley, Google Scholar, SID, Iran Medex, Magiran, Med Lib and Iran Doc were searched from 1970 to 2014. Result: The factors such ...

This paper rehabilitates effective protection. In general equilibrium, the usual definition (the percentage change in value added per unit induced by the tariff structure) corresponds to no economically interesting magnitude. The effective rate of protection for sector j is defined here as the uniform tariff which is equivalent to the actual differentiated tariff structure in its effect on the ...