We examine the effects of housing supply constraints on affordability, which we measure directly using quality-adjusted rent as well indirectly structure sizes, lot sizes and household location choices. Empirically, find that have only modest rents consumption despite their larger city growth price to purchase homes. Calibration a dynamic, spatial equilibrium model shows increase price-rent rat...

This article reviews the literature on quantitatively oriented approaches for determining the optimal lot-size when supplier offers credit period to the retailer to settle their account. An attempt is made to provide an up-to-date review of existing literature, concentrating on descriptions of the types of problems that have been solved and important structural results.

Determining if a point is in a polygon or not is used by a lot of applications in computer graphics, computer games and geoinformatics. Implementing this check is error-prone since there are many special cases to be considered. In this paper we present a simple even-odd algorithm to solve this problem for complex polygons in linear time.

ABSTRACT Size, shape, overall composition, and surface functionality largely determine the properties and applications of metal nanoparticles. Aside from well-defined metal clusters, their composition is often estimated assuming a quasi-spherical shape of the nanoparticle core. With decreasing diameter of the assumed circumscribed sphere, particularly in the range of only a few nanometers, the ...

The method of choosing the best boundaries that make strata internally homogeneous as far as possible is known as optimum stratification. To achieve this, the strata should be constructed in such a way that the strata variances for the characteristic under study be as small as possible. If the frequency distribution of the study variable x is known, the Optimum Strata Boundaries (OSB) could be ...

MOTIVATION Traditionally, for packing calculations people have collected atoms together into a number of distinct 'types'. These, in fact, often represent a heavy atom and its associated hydrogens (i.e. a united atom). Also, atom typing is usually done according to basic chemistry, giving rise to 20-30 protein atom types, such as carbonyl carbons, methyl groups, and hydroxyl groups. No one has ...

The current drive to reduce packaging waste has led many companies to consider the use of multi-trip containers or shippers in which to transport their products in order to reduce packaging waste. The efficiency of such systems obviously depends on selecting shipper dimensions in such a way as to ensure high volumetric utilisation. As is the case with many practical problems the efficiency/solu...

We describe combined analytic and experimental methods for determining reproductive statistics from time-series data. Our computational methods derive four fundamental measures from laboratory experiments: (i) average number of viral daughters; (ii) mean viral cycle time; (iii) standard deviation of the viral cycling time; and (iv) viral doubling time. Taken together, these four reproductive st...