Recent approaches towards trajectory planning for humanoid robots have divided trajectories into two categories: point-to-point and rhythmic. The former has been implemented traditionally using splines while the latter recently has been implented using mechanisms like pattern generators and neural oscillators. Researchers typically use knowledge of the task to be executed or empirical compariso...

The nervous system contains a toolbox of motor programs in the brainstem and spinal cord--that is, neuronal networks designed to handle the basic motor repertoire required for survival, including locomotion, posture, eye movements, breathing, chewing, swallowing and expression of emotions. The neural mechanisms responsible for selecting which motor program should be recruited at a given instant...

The transverse brain stem slice of mice containing the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC), a region essential for respiratory rhythm generation in vitro, was used to study developmental changes of the response of the in vitro respiratory network to severe hypoxia (anoxia). This preparation generates, at different postnatal stages [postnatal day (P)0-22], spontaneous rhythmic activity in hypoglossal (X...

Rhythmic motor patterns underlying many types of locomotion are thought to be produced by central pattern generators (CPGs). Our knowledge of how CPG networks generate motor patterns in complex nervous systems remains incomplete, despite decades of work in a variety of model organisms. Substrate borne locomotion in Drosophila larvae is driven by waves of muscular contraction that propagate thro...

Neurochemically induced membrane voltage oscillations and firing episodes in spinal excitatory interneurons expressing the HB9 protein (Hb9 INs) are synchronous with locomotor-like rhythmic motor outputs, suggesting that they contribute to the excitatory drive of motoneurons during locomotion. Similar to central pattern generator neurons in other systems, Hb9 INs are interconnected via electric...

Samanea leaflets usually open in white light and fold together when darkened, but also open and dose with a circadian rhythm during prolonged darkness. Leaflet movement results from differential changes in the turgor and shape of motor cells on opposite sides of the pulvinus; extensor cells expand during opening and shrink during closure, while flexor cells shrink during opening and expand duri...

Coordinated rhythmic movements are ubiquitous in animal behavior. In many organisms, chains of neural oscillators underlie the generation of these rhythms. In C. elegans, locomotor wave generation has been poorly understood; in particular, it is unclear where in the circuit rhythms are generated, and whether there exists more than one such generator. We used optogenetic and ablation experiments...

the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of paaryaad training program on the development of motor skills of children aged between 6 and 8 who suffered from high function autism (hfa). for this purpose, 30 girls with hfa (mean age 7.1 ± 0.6 yr) were randomly selected from special schools of sanandaj city. then, according to the pretest scores, were assigned to control and exper...